Twenty-five Years of Learning with Pedagogical Agents: History, Barriers, and Opportunities

Over the past 25 years, pedagogical agents (PAs) have evolved significantly, transforming the way education is delivered. Originating from the realm of computer science, PAs have become increasingly common, facilitating instruction in various domains. This article provides a detailed narrative literature review, tracing the history of PAs from their inception to the present day. It explores the barriers and opportunities in their use, and highlights the key trends and developments that have shaped their role in education. The review also discusses the potential of PAs in emerging technologies such as virtual reality and informal learning environments, and identifies the gaps in the current literature. By understanding the past and leveraging technological advancements, this article aims to pave the way for the future of learning with pedagogical agents.