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Published in:
The Fundamentals Read chapter Read first chapter

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Types of Compression Heat Pumps and Their Main Components

Author : Walter Grassi

Published in: Heat Pumps

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The main components of compression heat pumps are treated herein. Their salient features, working principles and roles are dealt with, stressing their contribution to heat pumps operation and efficiency. Furthermore, products existing on the market are often referred to in order to allow the interested reader to have, at least, a rough idea of the available equipment, nowadays. Engine driven heat pumps, also named Gas Heat Pumps (GHP) are described in addition to the most commonly used electric heat pumps (EHP). Except for the driving motor, GHPs differ from EHPs both from the thermodynamic point of view, as they interact with three heat sources (they are a three-thermal-system), and for the possibility of using heat recovered by engine cooling. Last but not least, part of this chapter is devoted to describe CO2 heat pumps, due their peculiarity. In fact carbon dioxide has a very low critical temperature and, thus, they operate in hyper-critical condensions in most cases. Due to this a gas cooler is employed instead of a classical condenser.

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previous chapter The Fundamentals
next chapter Absorption Heat Pumps
Footnotes
1
Remember we are referring to an equivalent reversible transformation.
 
2
The name “hydraulic efficiency” refers to the fact that the thermal recovery is negligible in the hydraulic machines, so that this efficiency is equal to 1. This parameter is also called “the polytropic efficiency” because a reference reversible polytropic is usually considered, with an average exponent equal to that of the actual transformation.
 
3
A screw compressor can be optimized so that its isentropic efficiency is maximized in correspondence to a given value of compression ratio. Thus the maximum of the curve coincides with this ratio. During operation compression ratio can change (e.g., at partial load) and the curve can shift either leftward or rightward. To restore the optimum, compression ratio should be increased or decreased correspondingly.
 
4
Videos existing on You-tube may help clarify scroll compressor operation.
 
5
Actually, a dynamic discharge valve can be adopted in particular in high pressure ratio applications typical of refrigeration. It is located at the scroll discharge port to prevent entry of high pressure gas into the scroll set during the unloaded state.
 
6
The multiple cylinder compressor has also the advantage to keep the fluid flow smoother.
 
7
A duct can also be inserted to allow the fluid flow toward the economizer.
 
8
The data are taken from NIST Chemistry Web Book.
 
9
We suppose the de-superheating is used for sanitary hot water production. This may occur in offices, where sanitary water requirements are usually low.
 
10
A heat exchanger compactness is usually based on the value of two parameters: the hydraulic diameter DH ( the lowest of those employed for the two fluids) and the ratio between the heat transfer area and the volume where fluids flow S/V. The following definitions are given:
  • Conventional heat exchangers for DH > 5 mm or S/V < 400 m2/m3.
  • Compact heat exchangers for 1 < DH(mm) < 5 or S/V > 400.
 
11
For a more detailed description of these heat exchanger the interested reader can also refer to [4].
 
12
Ton (ton of refrigeration) is an Anglo-Saxon unit: 1 ton = 3.517 kW.
 
13
Eurovent is the Europe’s Industry Association for Indoor Climate (HVAC), Process Cooling, and Food Cold Chain Technologies. Its associates (more than a thousand companies) belong to Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
 
14
Or at a certain level of obstruction of the fin gap, due to frost formation.
 
15
Dry vapor from separator mixes with vapor coming from the first compression stage, point 3 in the figure.
 
16
In this case we can also suppose that the whole exhaust heat, QCM = (1 − ηCarnot)QM, could be recovered.
 
17
A brochure by Sanyo (SANYO CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater pdf) reports a scroll compressor with a total length of 217 mm for a 4.5 kW heat pump, dedicated to domestic use.
 
Literature
1.
M. Chigano et al, (2011) Development of high efficiency scroll compressor, 7th Imeche International conference on compressors and their systems. ISBN: 978-0-85709-208-3 Copyright © 2011 Woodhead Publishing Limited.
2.
3.
4.
Dr. Claes Stenhede/Alfa Laval AB, (2008) A Technical Reference Manual for Plate Heat Exchangers in Refrigeration & Air conditioning Applications, Fifth, revised edition, November 17th. 2008.
5.
6.
7.
S. Garimella, (2008), Near-Critical/Supercritical Heat Transfer Measurements Of R-410A In Small Diameter Tube, ARTI Report No. 20120-01, GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Atlanta, GA 30332-0405.
8.
G.D. Mathur,2008, (2008), Heat Transfer Coefficients And Pressure Gradients For Refrigerant R152a and R134a, Alternate Refrigerant System Symposium, Phoenix, AZ, July 16, 2008.
9.
Emerson Climate Technologies & Copeland (2010), Application Engineering Bulletin, AE-1327 R5, 2010. Accessed 21 June 2016.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Metadata
Title
Types of Compression Heat Pumps and Their Main Components
Author
Walter Grassi
Copyright Year
2018
Book
Heat Pumps

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62198-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-62199-9

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62199-9_2

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