Ukraine's Journey to Recovery, Reform and Post-War Reconstruction

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

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2. Global Power Shifting Tendencies Influenced by the Conflict’s Outcome: Regional and Global Implications

   • Open Access

   Andriy Stavytskyy

   Abstract

   The initiation of military operations by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022 sparked a full-scale war in Europe, impacting the global economy and geopolitical dynamics. This chapter delves into the underlying factors that ignited the conflict, with a particular focus on Russia’s historical inclination towards expansion through warfare, its reliance on resource exports, and military capabilities, and its response to technological changes. The modern world’s decreasing reliance on resources in favour of technological development poses a challenge to resource-rich countries like Russia, leading to efforts to maintain dominance through military aggression. Russia’s economic dependence on resource exports, particularly energy, exacerbates its vulnerability to global market shifts. Understanding the multifaceted drivers of conflict is essential for addressing geopolitical tensions and fostering global stability. Mitigating the risk of future conflicts requires strategic diplomacy, economic diversification, and technological innovation to navigate evolving geopolitical landscapes.

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3. From Conflict to Stability: Intersecting Regional and Euro-Atlantic Security Logic in Ukraine’s Reconstruction

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   Silviu Nate

   Abstract

   Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction is crucial but unmanageable without victory, a just peace agreement, or security guarantees. The conflict’s roots trace back to the 2014 Maidan Revolution and Russia’s subsequent actions, like the annexation of Crimea and the Donbas War.

   Russia’s inability to modernize and its leaders’ imperialist mentality led to the 2022 invasion. Russia’s war economy and ability to overwhelm with weapons and ammunition have allowed it to maintain high costs in Ukraine. Still, its relative decline is visible in economic, technological, and political realms, while changes in the international system’s balance of power limit Russia’s influence, causing aggressiveness and instability in its periphery.

   Any possible U.S. disengagement from Ukraine jeopardizes its hegemonic decline and increases global instability. Ukraine’s reconstruction must consider the competing regional and Euro-Atlantic security logic, balancing Ukraine’s European aspirations amid Russia’s efforts to reassert influence.

   The chapter examines Ukraine’s struggle, options, and implications for regional and Euro-Atlantic security. It analyses whether Russia is losing the great power competition, acknowledging that Western society has a decisive role in balancing and enhancing opportunities for Ukraine’s reconstruction, including its interconnection with Central Asia and the Black Sea region. Consequently, Ukraine’s integration into the Euro-Atlantic security architecture is critical to long-term stability.

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4. SDGs Realization for the Renovation of Ukraine

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   Andriy Stavytskyy, Ganna Kharlamova

   Abstract

   The chapter explores the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and its integration into the European and global economy. It emphasizes the need for strategic planning to achieve peace and outlines steps for sustainable development until 2030. The paper discusses the necessity of rapid reforms to modernize the economy, prioritize clean and resource-efficient practices, and address environmental risks. Special attention is given to the management of post-war waste and the adoption of new principles for resource processing. The importance of harmonizing Ukrainian legislation with EU standards is highlighted, with a focus on reforms necessary for EU accession. The paper outlines a roadmap for achieving Sustainable Development Goals post-war. Key challenges include geopolitical shifts, the duration of the conflict, and the need for significant financial assistance. The chapter concludes with the potential for Ukraine to become a regional economic centre in case of SDG implementation with EU support and substantial financial aid for post-war recovery and integration.

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5. From Crisis to Opportunity: Embracing Sustainable Development Goals and Artificial Intelligence in the Transformative Innovations World

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   Răzvan Sorin Șerbu, Bogdan Ștefan Mârza

   Abstract

   This chapter explores the analytical junctions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The chapter highlights the important need for decisive actions in the face of a triple planetary crisis encompassing climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. It encourages for a commitment to leveraging AI to fulfill its promises, particularly in promoting digital equality, advancing the SDGs, and connecting AI for the greater good. The chapter explores the potential of AI, together with other high-potential technologies like virtual reality and digital twins, in driving sustainable operations and addressing pressing challenges. The discussion extends to the role of AI in reconstruction efforts for countries facing destruction, emphasizing the importance of systemic changes and practical applications of AI to optimize outcomes for millions of individuals. Through a nuanced understanding of the complex interdependencies between AI, sustainable development, and environmental supervision, the document highlights the transformative potential of AI in shaping a more sustainable and equitable future.

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6. National Resilience and Post-war Reconstruction of Ukraine

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   Mykola Nazarov

   Abstract

   Successful post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is possible due to critical analysis of the previous experience of state building and taking into account the main mistakes. In this chapter, we analyze the dynamics of the Ukrainian political regime over the past 15 years, key changes in the security and defense sector of the state as well as critical decisions in the economic and energy spheres. Despite significant changes in Ukrainian politics after the start of the war in 2014, it is necessary to note systemic problems in the economic, energy, and military spheres that prevented full preparation for repelling a full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation in 2022. Among the main vulnerabilities of Ukraine that can hinder the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine are negative demographic dynamics, authoritarian tendencies in the political system of Ukraine, a significant loss of industrial and energy capacities as well as a shortage of specialists in certain industries. One of the important tools for the successful post-war reconstruction of Ukraine can be the development of national resilience. Resilience in the most generalized view is the potential of communities and institutions to demonstrate the system’s ability to maintain its functions, adapt and evolve. Strengthening resilience at the level of regions and territorial communities, especially front-line and deoccupied ones, is a priority task for the state.

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7. A First Look at the Geoeconomic Challenges of Rebuilding Ukraine

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   Antonia Colibășanu

   Abstract

   The Ukrainian reconstruction project is a complex and ongoing endeavor, requiring a thorough evaluation of the initial stages of the process. The first stage involves assessing the war scenarios while addressing the societal harm done while fighting to counter Russia’s aggression. The definition and implementation of victory will establish the primary goals for rebuilding Ukraine’s socioeconomic and political future. This study employs theoretical frameworks for international conflict management to give an early knowledge of the present conflict, state players’ goals, and methods of defining victory. The research identifies two crucial components that the West and Russia share in defining victory: (1) the avoidance of direct conflict between NATO and Russia’s military force, and (2) the post-war reconstruction process, which includes not just Ukraine but also Russia. Using the geoeconomic framework to address the Ukraine reconstruction project, the research aims to establish the main layers of the peacebuilding process on both warring sides, which include economic (short and long term) support, financial infrastructure maintenance, and infrastructure investment. Finally, the paper discusses the difficult decisions and sacrifices that must be taken to assist Ukraine’s reconstruction process, resulting in efficient and robust infrastructure that can adapt to changing conditions.

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8. Common Issues of Compensation Mechanisms and the National and International Regulatory Sources on the Compensation

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   Kravtsov Serhii

   Abstract

   Chapter 7 explores the intricate landscape of compensation mechanisms following the Russian military aggression against Ukraine declared on February 24, 2022. At the national level, legislative initiatives such as the draft law “On compensation for damage and destruction” and Cabinet of Ministers’ Resolution No. 326 outline procedures for compensation application and damage assessment. However, international support is essential for implementation due to resource constraints. Internationally, Decree No. 346/2022 forms a working group to develop proposals aligned with international legal frameworks, including the creation of an international claims commission. Drawing insights from past conflicts, such as the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, bilateral negotiations remain crucial, although Russia’s reluctance poses challenges. In conclusion, the chapter underscores the urgent need for comprehensive legislative frameworks and international cooperation to address the multifaceted challenges of compensation in the aftermath of conflict. It calls for concerted efforts to ensure equitable and timely restitution for victims, laying the groundwork for long-term recovery and reconciliation.

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9. The Tort of Armed Aggression Principles Applied by the Russian Federation Against Ukraine and Its Post War Recovery

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   Roman Maydanyk

   Abstract

   This chapter explores the intricate legal landscape surrounding the tort of armed aggression, focusing on the principles applied by the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the subsequent post-war recovery efforts. It underscores the urgent need for effective legal mechanisms to compel the aggressor state to provide compensation for the extensive damage inflicted. Reparations, spanning infrastructure reconstruction and individual restitution for human rights violations, are deemed essential components of transitional justice. However, existing international and national legal frameworks lack clear guidelines for establishing tort liability for damage caused by armed aggression. The paper advocates for a paradigm shift towards a reparative-tort model, emphasizing individual victim compensation alongside state reparations. It examines the evolving nature of property liability, encompassing both public and private torts of armed aggression. Furthermore, it outlines potential guiding principles for armed aggression tort and Ukraine’s recovery, including provisions for counter-measures, asset constraints, and models for implementation in domestic and international law. The study concludes by advocating for the formulation of soft law acts to address these gaps and pave the way for more coherent legal frameworks and judicial practices in navigating the complexities of armed conflict compensation and recovery.

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10. Procedural Issues in Compensation Cases: Insights from Court Practice in Ukraine

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    Iryna Izarova, Oksana Uhrynovska, Yuliia Hartman

    Abstract

    This chapter delves into the procedural issues encountered in compensation cases arising from the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. It highlights the necessity of restoring violated rights through effective legal mechanisms, particularly focusing on compensation for damages via judicial proceedings. The study examines Ukrainian court practices since 2014, aiming to understand social demands and propose efficient dispute resolution methods. Financial constraints initially hindered justice, with victims reluctant to pay court fees. Legislative changes in 2018 exempted plaintiffs from fees in cases against Russia, prompting increased claims. The text categorizes damages into property and moral losses, detailing subtypes such as real estate forfeiture, loss of profits, and forced displacement. It also addresses the legal intricacies of property mobilization during war and the assessment of moral suffering. Moreover, it discusses the government’s efforts to ascertain damages and losses comprehensively. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of substantiating claims and aligning legal precedents with principles of fairness and proportionality. Overall, the paper sheds light on the multifaceted challenges and developments in compensatory procedures amid ongoing conflict.

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11. Implementation of the European Court of Human Rights Judgements as an Instrument for Recovery of Ukraine and its Accession to the European Union

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    Illia Chernohorenko

    Abstract

    The chapter focuses on the potential role of implementation of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgements in Ukraine’s recovery and accession to the European Union. It first analyses pre-February 2022 challenges in implementation of the ECtHR judgements in Ukraine. It then evaluates the impact of the invasion on the implementation of the ECtHR judgements, particularly within the framework of Ukraine’s aspirations for EU accession and the recovery plan encapsulated in the Ukraine Recovery Plan. Finally, it explores the interrelations between enforcement of the ECtHR judgements in inter-State cases against Russia and establishing a special mechanism of compensation for human rights violations caused by Russian aggression.

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12. Reconstruction and Preparation for Ukraine’s Accession to the EU

    • Open Access

    Melania-Gabriela Ciot

    Abstract

    The evolution of the international arena indicates clearly that the state actors are competing for a better position on the New International Order. This perspective will bring political, social, economic, but also cultural and sustainable dimensions to the prospective analysis of evolutions. The invasion of Ukraine accelerated the reconfiguration of the Contemporary International System, with impact on the foresight developments of EU. The support of the European Member States to Ukraine manifested through different instruments, policies, and institutions, in several key areas: infrastructure, economic diversification, education and skill development, governance and policy, social development and inclusion, international collaboration, and resilience building. The present study will investigate the challenges for the EU’s enlargement policy in the context of the war from Ukraine, focusing on the accession process, its preparation, negotiations, and management of the process. The study ends with some recommendations regarding the building of the administrative and resilience capacity to better support the complex process of reconstruction of Ukraine.

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13. Transformation of Public Policy in Ukrainian Book Publishing as a Basis for Resisting Russian Cultural Expansion During and After the War

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    Maryna Zhenchenko

    Abstract

    This paper examines the transformation of public policy to strengthen Ukrainian book publishing and counter Russian cultural influence. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it combines analysis of legislative changes and industry reports with expert interviews involving key stakeholders such as publishers, editors, and government officials.

    The findings reveal a discernible trend that has intensified since the Russian invasion in 2014: a decrease in the presence of Russian books in the Ukrainian market and a simultaneous rise in support for Ukrainian publishing. Legislative alterations, including restrictions on importing Russian book products and active promotion of Ukrainian literature, underscore this shift. Moreover, the government has initiated programs to bolster Ukrainian publishers and bookstores. The Ukrainian Book Institute (UBI), a state institution, has received augmented funding for initiatives such as library book replenishment, to enhance the accessibility of Ukrainian literature. Additionally, new industry associations have been established to further professionalize the sector.

    Despite these efforts, the publishing industry has been significantly impacted by the ongoing war. The adoption of digitization, particularly through e-books and audiobooks, holds promise for the industry’s future. However, challenges persist, including the absence of a reliable system for collecting data on e-book sales, which impedes informed decision-making.

    Crucial tasks for government organizations and the publishing community in post-war reconstruction include bringing state standards for book publishing into line with European legislation; providing state support for the publication and distribution of Ukrainian books (especially e-books and audiobooks), and continuing state programs to promote reading in the Ukrainian language. Additionally, efforts to popularize Ukrainian books globally and promote Ukrainian culture, science, and education through Ukrainian fiction, non-fiction and academic book translation programs are imperative.

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14. The Digital Battlefield: Exploring the Intersection of Ukraine’s War, Digitalization and Economic Development

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    Eduard Alexandru Stoica, Ioana Andreea Bogoslov, Alina O’Connor

    Abstract

    Nowadays, technological progress undoubtedly represents a competitive advantage in almost all the human being spheres of action, both at the individual and collective level. With multiple recognized beneficial influences, digital transformation is, among others, a key factor in the evolution of the modern economy and society. However, understanding the multifaceted effects of the technological tools involvement in crisis conditions requires a more in-depth approach. Thus, through the lens of Ukraine’s war experience, the present chapter aims to examine notable aspects related to the intersection of conflict, digitalization, and economic development.

    Exploring the perspective of the last decades, the analysis of the existing evidence depicts the undeniable efforts of Ukraine in the direction of digitalization, materialized in noteworthy results that demonstrate, among others, the benefits of technological progress in the face of situations characterized by risk and uncertainty. Under the war conditions, the use of digital resources proved to be one of the key means implied to reduce the crisis effects at multiple levels. However, the paradigmatic shift in dynamics through the use of technology has also brought new challenges, highlighting the urgent need for states to adapt their national strategies to the digital age.

    Finally, the analysis investigates and proposes possible policy directions and strategies to support the digital transformation of Ukraine in the short, medium, and long term. Drawing lessons from Ukraine’s experience, the obtained results support the need for a coordinated global response to address the challenges posed by the evolving nature of conflict in the digital age.

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15. Environmental and Energy Security on the Way to Rebuilding Ukraine on the Principle of Zero Carbon Footprint

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    Svitlana Delehan, Hanna Melehanych

    Abstract

    This article explores state of Ukraine’s energy security in view of the changing geopolitical landscape and new strategic risks as a result of Russia’s military actions against Ukraine; green certification of Ukraine’s civil and industrial infrastructure based on the principle of life cycle assessment in the context of European integration in times of war; the integration of international green certification standards, including LEED, BREEAM, and the WELL Building Standard, into the post-war reconstruction efforts in Ukraine. It highlights the comprehensive assessment criteria of LEED and BREEAM, emphasizing energy efficiency, water management, materials usage, and innovation. A comparison of these standards is also made. Additionally, it discusses the unique focus of the WELL Building Standard on occupant health and well-being. The article underscores the potential of these standards to guide the selection of environmentally friendly construction materials, efficient energy systems, and sustainable waste management practices. Furthermore, it discusses the benefits of incorporating these standards, such as enhancing building competitiveness, improving indoor environmental quality, and promoting human health and productivity. This integration represents a significant step in Ukraine’s alignment with European standards and the adoption of new ecological practices, fostering its integration into the European Union and signaling its commitment to sustainable development.

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16. Study of the State of Environmental Information Security of Ukraine in the Pre-war Period and Assessment of the Consequences of Environmental Information Manipulations in View of Changes in the Geopolitical Landscape and New Strategic Risks

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    Svitlana Delehan, Oksana Malychkovych, Hanna Melehanych

    Abstract

    This research investigates the media landscape in Ukraine amidst the backdrop of the Russian full-scale aggression, focusing on environmental issues. Analyzing data from 2019 to 2023, a notable surge in online publications, particularly on popular Ukrainian platforms, is observed, indicating sustained interest in environmental news despite the conflict. Recording the impact of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine on the environment and assessing the damage remains one of the priority topics in the Ukrainian media. The full-scale war has shown that the threat to the environment is not limited to any local areas. Emissions of harmful substances affect at least the entire continent. The study underscores the importance of accurate and reliable information dissemination to avoid panic and misinformation. It highlights the role of media in keeping environmental concerns at the forefront of public discourse, potentially leading to increased awareness and civic engagement in sustainable development. Furthermore, the research delves into the concept of “ecocide” and its resonance in the media following environmental disasters linked to the conflict, emphasizing the need for public education and discourse. The analysis also explores the evolving media landscape, including the rise of social media platforms like Telegram, and the implications for communication strategies. Overall, the findings suggest a growing recognition of environmental issues amidst the conflict and underscore the pivotal role of media in shaping public opinion and fostering environmental stewardship.

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17. Ukraine’s Contribution to Enabling EU’s Resilient Green Energy Transition and Sustainability

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    Leonela Leca

    Abstract

    Although the scenarios of the post-war Europe are still unfolding, there is one certainty—the world plunged into a new energy paradigm, one of the clean energy technologies. The last 2 years reshaped the global energy systems. These tectonic shifts are impacting the energy systems at all levels: from normative to technological; from changing fossil fuels flows to rerouting supply chains and critical raw materials; from expanding oil and gas infrastructure to enhancing the power grid networks, etc. As a response this global transformation toward the green transition and decarbonisation but also with the aim to address the climate change while mitigating the ongoing energy related risks of the Russian war, Ukraine undertook strategic decisions aiming to meet the European Green Deal agenda goals.

    The post-war Ukraine, the second largest country in Europe, plays a key role in overcoming and balancing European geographic disparities of the green transformation. As a member of the Energy Community Treaty, and with the opening of European Union (EU) membership negotiations, but also in the context of the recently adopted international climate change targets within COP28, Ukraine has the potential and responsibility to become an important contributor to the regional and European green transition. This paper suggests that the ongoing war and the global energy shift creates momentum for Ukraine to become a regional and European driver of change within the new, multilayered energy security concept with the green agenda at its forefront.

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18. Reforming Intelligence in Ukraine: The Past, Present, and Future

    • Open Access

    Irena Chiru, Cristina Ivan, Silviu Paicu

    Abstract

    This chapter looks at the evolution of institutional frameworks and processes related to intelligence in Ukraine. By using the methodology provided to reform intelligence in new democracies, it analyzes the institutional changes within the intelligence services and the initiatives aiming to enforce coordination, improve professionalism, transparency, and trust—as crucial norms for intelligence under democracy. Within this comprehensive framework, it aims to investigate the mechanisms in place to ensure that intelligence services conduct intelligence activities in a manner that achieves the proper balance between the acquisition of essential information and protection of individual interests (intelligence governance and oversight). Last but not least, the most recent reconfigurations of “open secrets” and public intelligence inbuilding trust and obtaining strategic advantage are discussed in the light of the war in Ukraine.

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19. Free and Open Spaces: The Global Impact of Ukraine Reconstruction

    • Open Access

    James Jay Carafano, Silviu Nate

    Abstract

    The reconstruction of Ukraine has far-reaching global implications. It presents an opportunity to reshape Eurasia’s geopolitical and economic landscape, potentially rewiring the pathways of worldwide commerce and connectivity. Ukraine’s strategic location makes it a pivotal link in integrating Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe with Western Europe and the broader transatlantic community. Rebuilding Ukraine must be approached not as a traditional foreign aid endeavor but as a private sector-driven economic integration effort. Harnessing global capital and expertise can deliver real growth, in contrast to past schemes of foreign assistance that have failed to sustain Ukraine’s economy.

    Crucial prerequisites include developing Ukraine’s domestic defense capabilities, insulating the reconstruction effort from great power competition, and continuing anti-corruption reforms. The reconstruction should not only empower small and medium enterprises and leverage regional companies, but also utilize international private financing for large infrastructure projects, making all stakeholders feel included and valued in this effort.

    If successfully implemented, this model could be a game-changer across the post-Soviet space, transforming the Eurasian landscape. It would not only create new trade and investment opportunities and foster greater regional integration and stability but also significantly diminish Russia’s influence, providing a sense of empowerment and security for future geopolitical competition.

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20. A Critical Infrastructure Protection Perspective on the Conflict in Ukraine: Recommendations for a Resilient Post-war Ukraine

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    Alexandru Georgescu

    Abstract

    Russia’s actions before and after its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 can be analyzed using the framework of Critical Infrastructure Protection. The task of shoring up Ukrainian resilience to Russian hybrid attacks against its critical infrastructures can also be analyzed and planned using this framework. This article proposes a Critical Infrastructure Protection perspective of the conflict in Ukraine and makes recommendations to enhance the resilience of Ukraine in all potential phases of the conflict, including during post-ceasefire reconstruction efforts. Lastly, the authors highlight the role of Romania in Ukrainian resilience through a transborder critical infrastructure perspective, suggesting also potential future contributions.

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21. Formation of Competencies for Managers of Sustainable Development in Ukraine

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    Oleksandra Humenna, Yuriy Dyachenko, Mariia Vasylets

    Abstract

    The relevance of training management specialists in sustainable development and the formation of “tomorrow’s” competencies in them is determined by the need to be included in the world’s global space. After all, there is no alternative to the Millennium Goals (Sustainable Development Goals) today. The need to develop policies embodied in best practices, particularly at the local level, determines the necessity of creating new educational programs and components focusing on sustainable development management, which should be based on a balance of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, as well as the measurement of management efficiency. Therefore, it is imperative to consider all stakeholders’ interests in achieving progress in the country’s sustainable development.

    This chapter examines and substantiates the methodology and algorithm for forming a set of competencies of a modern manager of sustainable development based on the balance of interests and considering the challenges/risks that managers of this new type face. Additionally, it was determined that the understanding of people of different generations regarding the concept of sustainable development is a crucial aspect in the formation of educational programs. Attitudes towards sustainable development differ between generations due to their distinct life experiences, socio-cultural influences, and perceptions of global issues.

    The methods of comparative analysis were employed in the literature review and the evaluation of existing educational programs on sustainable development management worldwide and the competencies they provide.

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22. War-Related Moral Damage: Ukrainian and International Practice

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    Bohdan Karnaukh

    Abstract

    Moral damage is a negative psychological experience endured by a person, consisting of mental pain and anguish. War brings with it an inconceivable amount of such experience. However, not all such experience can be compensated through legal mechanisms. There is a certain threshold of severity of moral damage below which compensation is not provided. Such a ‘threshold’ of compensability is often dependent on the functioning and purpose of a particular compensation mechanism. The chapter aims to explore the practice of Ukrainian courts, the UN Compensation Commission, and the ECtHR in matters concerning compensation for war-related moral damage. The chapter addresses evidentiary matters (burden of proof, standard of proof and presumptions) and provides some guidance on the calculation of monetary compensation for mental pain and anguish. The author concludes that the awarded sum should not be viewed as a precise monetary representation of the ordeal. Rather, it serves as a relative indication of the severity and duration of the pain and suffering endured. Determining the monetary unit of measurement hinges on various political, economic, and practical factors, such as the nature and responsibilities of the adjudicating body, the socioeconomic conditions in the applicant’s country, and the resources available to the responsible entity.

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