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Ultra-low Voltage Circuit Techniques for Energy Harvesting

  • 2023
  • Book
Authors
Rafael Luciano Radin
Marcio Bender Machado
Prof. Mohamad Sawan
Carlos Galup-Montoro
Marcio Cherem Schneider
Book Series
Analog Circuits and Signal Processing
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Part of
Springer Professional "Business + Economics & Engineering + Technology"
Springer Professional "Engineering + Technology"

About this book

This book provides design-oriented models for the implementation of ultra-low-voltage energy harvesting converters, covering the modeling of building blocks such oscillators, rectifiers, charge pumps and inductor-based converters that can operate with very low supply voltages, typically under 100 mV. Analyses based on the diode and MOSFET models are included in the text to allow the operation of energy harvesters from voltages of the order of 100 mV or much less, with satisfactory power efficiency. The practical realization of different converters is also addressed, clarifying the design trade-offs of ultra-low voltage (ULV) circuits operating from few millivolts.Offers readers a state-of-the-art revision for ultra-low voltage (ULV) energy harvesting converters;Provides analog IC designers with proper models for the implementation of circuits and building blocks of energy harvesters, such as oscillators, rectifiers, and inductor-based converters, operating under ultra-low voltages;Addresses the design of energy harvesters operating from ultra-low voltages, enabling autonomous operation of connected devices driven by human energy;Demonstrates design and implementation of integrated ULV up-converters;Includes semiconductor modeling for ULV operation.

Table of Contents

  1. Frontmatter

  2. Chapter 1. Introduction to Ultra-Low-Voltage Energy Harvesting

    Rafael Luciano Radin, Marcio Bender Machado, Mohamad Sawan, Carlos Galup-Montoro, Marcio Cherem Schneider
    Abstract
    This chapter presents the fundamental concepts of ultra-low-voltage energy harvesting. A brief introduction to energy-harvesting approaches and the models for some common transducers are provided. In addition, an overview of biomedical and Internet-of-Thing applications is presented, followed by a review of state-of-the-art energy-harvesting converters. At the end of this chapter, a physics-based MOSFET model used throughout the book to design ultra-low-voltage converters for energy harvesting is described.

  3. Chapter 2. Ultra-Low-Voltage Oscillators

    Rafael Luciano Radin, Marcio Bender Machado, Mohamad Sawan, Carlos Galup-Montoro, Marcio Cherem Schneider
    Abstract
    With the aim of reducing the minimum supply voltage of oscillators, this chapter presents the analysis, design, and implementation of oscillator topologies that can operate with reduced VDD. Special attention is given to LC oscillators such as the cross-coupled oscillator, the enhanced-swing cross-coupled oscillator, and the enhanced-swing Colpitts oscillator, which can oscillate for VDD well below 100 mV while providing oscillation amplitudes higher than the power supply rails. Theoretical expressions are provided for each oscillator topology, allowing the determination of the oscillation frequency, minimum transistor gain, and minimum supply voltage required for oscillations. Design examples and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis. The main results are summarized and compared at the end of the chapter.

  4. Chapter 3. Rectifier Analysis for Ultra-Low-Voltage Operation

    Rafael Luciano Radin, Marcio Bender Machado, Mohamad Sawan, Carlos Galup-Montoro, Marcio Cherem Schneider
    Abstract
    This chapter describes the analysis of rectifier circuits valid for ultra-low-voltage (ULV) operation. Expressions for the output voltage, power conversion efficiency, and input resistance are presented for the Dickson charge pump and for the voltage multiplier. The expressions are derived for both square-wave and sine-wave signals and are expressed as a function of the diode parameters and the load current.

  5. Chapter 4. Rectifier Design

    Rafael Luciano Radin, Marcio Bender Machado, Mohamad Sawan, Carlos Galup-Montoro, Marcio Cherem Schneider
    Abstract
    This chapter presents design methodologies and experimental results for voltage converters employing rectifier circuits, such as the Dickson charge pump and the voltage multiplier. DC-DC converters based on ultra-low-voltage oscillators and rectifiers as well as RF-DC converters are explored. Several experiments with ultra-low-voltage oscillators and rectifiers show the feasibility of the circuits for ultra-low voltage conversion. The design methodologies described in this chapter use expressions derived in Chap. 3 to optimize DC-DC and RF-DC converters for specific applications.

  6. Chapter 5. Analysis of the Inductive Boost Converter for Ultra-Low-Voltage Operation

    Rafael Luciano Radin, Marcio Bender Machado, Mohamad Sawan, Carlos Galup-Montoro, Marcio Cherem Schneider
    Abstract
    This chapter describes the analysis and modeling of inductive boost converters for ultra-low-voltage operation. The design parameters for the maximization of the extraction and conversion efficiency are presented for the employment of the boost converter in energy-harvesting applications. The converter losses are analyzed to help design the switching frequency and the duty cycle and for the sizing of the boost switches aimed at the optimization of the converter power efficiency.

  7. Chapter 6. Ultra-Low-Voltage Boost Converter for Energy-Harvesting Applications

    Rafael Luciano Radin, Marcio Bender Machado, Mohamad Sawan, Carlos Galup-Montoro, Marcio Cherem Schneider
    Abstract
    This chapter presents the design, implementation, and measurements of a DC-DC voltage converter for ultra-low-voltage energy-harvesting applications. The converter architecture is comprised of a cold starter, a high-efficiency inductive boost converter, and a control circuit. The cold starter, based on an ultra-low-voltage oscillator and a charge pump, provides the circuit startup for input voltages of down to 11 mV. The inductive boost converter was designed to achieve high-efficiency through the adoption of a nonlinear zero-current-switching scheme that minimizes the synchronization losses. The prototype provides steady-state operation for input voltages in the range of 7.3–140 mV with end-to-end efficiencies higher than 50% for input voltages above 10.5 mV and peak end-to-end efficiency of 85% at 140 mV.

  8. Backmatter

Title
Ultra-low Voltage Circuit Techniques for Energy Harvesting
Authors
Rafael Luciano Radin
Marcio Bender Machado
Prof. Mohamad Sawan
Carlos Galup-Montoro
Marcio Cherem Schneider
Copyright Year
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-04492-2
Print ISBN
978-3-031-04491-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04492-2

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