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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Understanding the Nature of Violence: Crime and Its Future

Authors : Jonathan D. Rosen, Hanna Samir Kassab

Published in: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter explores the nature and types of violence the world suffers from today. Physical acts of violence such as war and terrorism, structural violence like poverty and economic deprivation, and violence against women and children, including sexual abuse, are examined. The chapter sees violence as an act of communication by various groups (e.g., organized crime groups), as they seek to convey some message to the world. For instance, criminal groups can use violence to scare rivals and intimidate citizens from reporting corrupt acts to the police or journalists from publishing stories about illicit activities. The chapter concludes by questioning if we will ever see the end of violence.

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Quoted in Phillip Knightley The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2004), p. 233.

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Hanna Samir Kassab, Prioritization Theory and a Defensive Foreign Policy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), p. 134.

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David Brooks, “The Columbine Killers,” The New York Times, April 24, 2004.

“Why Mass Shootings Boost Support For More Relaxed Gun Control Laws,” NPR, October 5, 2017.

For more on this topic, see: Frank Zimring, “Is gun control likely to reduce violent killings?” The University of Chicago Law Review 35, no. 4 (1968): pp. 721–737; Gary Kleck and E. Britt Patterson, “The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates,” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9, no. 3 (1993): pp. 249–287; Mark Duggan, “More guns, more crime,” Journal of Political Economy 109, no. 5 (2001): pp. 1086–1114.

For more on this topic, see: David B. Kopel, “The Costs and Consequences of Gun Control,” CATO Institute, December 1, 2015, https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/costs-consequences-gun-control, accessed December 2017.

Alexandra Chachkevitch and Geoff Ziezulewicz “‘Furry’ convention disrupted as ‘intentional’ gas incident sends 19 to hospitals” Chicago Tribune, December 7, 2014

For more, see: Colin. Thompson, “The Spanish Inquisition,” The English Historical Review 115, no. 463 (2000): pp. 960–960.

Robert Jervis, American Foreign Policy in a New Error (New York: Taylor & Francis Books, Inc, 2005), p. 80.

“Syria war: 2016 deadliest year yet for children, says Unicef” BBC News, March 13, 2017.

Hanna Samir Kassab, The Power of Emotion in Politics, Philosophy and Emotion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 165.

Jill Steans, Gender and International Relations (New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1998), p. 127.

José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs, “Generation Ni/Ni: Latin America’s Lost Youth,” Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/salazar, October 2015, p. 2.

Matthew Levitt, Hamas: Politics, Charity and Terrorism in the service of Jihad (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 142.

Ibid.

Ted Galen Carpenter, “Watch out, America: Mexico May Be the Next Failed State,” CATO Institute, January 29, 2015, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/watch-out-america-mexico-may-be-next-failed-state, accessed October 2015, 2.

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Fawaz, A. Gerges, Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy (Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2006), p. 201; Paul Pillar, Terrorism and US Foreign Policy (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), p. 30.

Codou Bop, “Women in conflicts, their gains and their losses,” The Aftermath (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 24.

Ibid., p. 26.

Ibid.

Todd A. Salzman, “Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia,” Human Rights Quarterly 20 (1998), p. 349.

Codou Bop, “Women in conflicts, their gains and their losses” The Aftermath: Women in Post-Conflict Transformation, eds. Sheila Meintjes, Anu Pillay, and Meredeth Turshen (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 33.

Ibid, p. 27.

Ibid.

Ibid., p. 28.

Ibid.

Ibid., p. 29.

Ibid., p. 32.

Ana Christina da Silva Iddings, “Girl immigrants crossing the US border often survived rape and abuse. They’ve got more courage than most of Congress,” The Guardian, August 1, 2014, accessed August 2014; see Trafficking of women and girls within Central America (New York, NY: UNODC).

Mayra Buvinic, Andrew Morrison, and Michael Shifter. Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: a framework for action. Inter-American Development Bank, 1999.

Ibid., pp. 13–14.

Peter Lupsha, “Transnational organized crime versus the nation-state,” Transnational organized crime, 2, no. 1 (Spring 1996): p. 31; for more on this topic, see: Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2012).

Ibid., p. 32.

Ibid, p. 32.

Mark A. R. Kleiman, Jonathan P. Caulkins, and Angela Hawken, Drugs and Drug Policy: What Everyone Needs to Know (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 16.

Richard Snyder and Angelica Duran-Martinez, “Does illegality breed violence? Drug trafficking and state-sponsored protection rackets,” Crime, Law and Social Change 52, no. 3 (2009): p. 254.

Richard Snyder and Angelica Duran-Martinez, “Does illegality breed violence? Drug trafficking and state-sponsored protection rackets,” Crime, Law and Social Change 52, no. 3 (2009): p. 254; see also: Richard Snyder and Angélica Durán Martínez, “Drugs, violence, and state-sponsored protection rackets in Mexico and Colombia,” Colombia Internacional 70 (2009): pp. 61–91; Angélica Durán-Martínez, “To kill and tell? State power, criminal competition, and drug violence,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (2015): pp. 1377–1402.

Richard Snyder and Angelica Duran-Martinez, “Does illegality breed violence? Drug trafficking and state-sponsored protection rackets,” Crime, Law and Social Change 52, no. 3 (2009): p. 262.

Ibid., p. 268.

Colin H. Kahl, “Population growth, environmental degradation, and state-sponsored violence: The case of Kenya, 1991–1993,” Population 23, no. 2 (2012): p. 81.

Ibid., p. 82.

Carrie Gracie, “Xinjiang: Has China’s crackdown on ‘terrorism’ worked?” BBC News, January 2, 2015.

Colin H. Kahl, “Population growth, environmental degradation, and state-sponsored violence: The case of Kenya, 1991–1993,” Population 23, no. 2 (2012): p. 110.

Ibid., p. 110.

Berber Bevernage, History, Memory, and State-sponsored Violence: time and justice, vol. 4 (New York, NY: Routledge, 2013).

Ibid., p. 168.

Brinton M. Lykes, Mary M. Brabeck, Theresa Ferns, and Angela Radan, “Human rights and mental health among Latin American women in situations of state-sponsored violence: Psychology of women quarterly 17, no. 4 (1993): pp. 525–544.

Ibid., p. 527.

Ibid., p. 526.

Ibid., p. 528.

Hugo Frühling and Joseph S. Tulchin, eds., with Heather Golding, eds., Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy, and the State (Washington. DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2003).

Quoted in Hugo Frühling and Joseph S. Tulchin, eds., with Heather Golding, eds. Crime and violence in Latin America: Citizen security, democracy, and the state, pp. 262–264; for more, see: Peter H. Smith, “Crisis and democracy in Latin America,” World Politics 43, no. 4 (1991): pp. 608–634; Kurt. Weyland, “Neoliberalism and democracy in Latin America: A mixed record,” Latin American Politics and Society 46, no. 1 (2004): pp. 135–157.

Henry Bruton, Principles of Development Economics (London: Prentice-Hall, 1965), pp. 2–3.

Charles Kindleberger, Economic Development (New York: Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company, 1956), p. 1.

Quoted in Richard Horowitz “A Framework for Understanding Intelligence” International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 8, 4, (1995): p. 398.

Ibid.

For more, see: Adam Minter, “Machiavelli, violence, and history,” The Harvard Review of Philosophy 2, no. 1 (1992): pp. 25–32; Elizabeth Frazer and Kimberly Hutching, “Virtuous violence and the politics of statecraft in Machiavelli, Clausewitz and Weber,” Political Studies 59, no. 1 (2011): pp. 56–73.

Nasr B. Kameel, Arab Threat to Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence (NC: Mcfarland and Co, 1997), p. 58.

“The Untouchables,” 1987, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094226/quotes.

Ibid.

Jessica Williams, 50 facts that should change the world (London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 2005), p. 140.

Title: Understanding the Nature of Violence: Crime and Its Future
Authors: Jonathan D. Rosen
Hanna Samir Kassab
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94450-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-94451-7

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94451-7_6

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