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Spatial Desire Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Universal Architecture Domination Act

Author : Martin van der Linden

Published in: Architecture

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

In a similar way as the characters described in the creation of the concep of the Universal Space conceived in Chicago that has shaped the building technology that is forming the world today, we will now look at a small group of mainly western European architects that have defined the architecture we see around the world today.

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Footnotes
1
Stanislaw Lem: The Star Diaries. p. 259.
 
2
See Programs and manifestoes on 20th-century architecture.
 
3
J.N.L Durand in Reyner Banham: Reyner Banham: Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. p. 16. When looking at the drawings in the book récis Des Leçons d’Architecture Données by Durand one feels they could be part of a BIM programme.
 
4
Hanno-Walter Kruft: A history of architectural Theory. p. 274.
 
5
Abigail Marsh: The Fear Factor. p. 43.
 
6
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes on 20th-century architecture. p. 110.
 
7
Eric Mumford: The CIAM discourse. p. 10.
 
8
New York Times Magazine, 3 November 1935 in Rem Koolhaas: Delirious New York. p. 267.
 
9
Luis Fernandez-Galiano: Fire and Memory. p. 165.
 
10
Adam Sharr: Modern Architecture, a very short introduction. p. 119.
 
11
Martin Pawley: Buckminster Fuller. p. 25.
 
12
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of 20th-century architecture. p. 28.
 
13
Charles Jencks: Modern movements in architecture. p. 407.
 
14
Beatrize Colomina: Are we human? p. 77.
 
15
Reyner Banham: Theory and design in the first machine age. p. 69.
 
16
Beatrize Colomina: are we human? p. 80.
 
17
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. p. 27.
 
18
Plato: The Republic. p. 60.
 
19
Adolfo Loos: Ornament and Crime. p. 175.
 
20
Ludwig Hilbersheimer: Metropolis architecture. p. 283.
 
21
Vitruvius Pollio: 10 books on architecture. p. 34.
 
22
Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Philip Johnson: The international Style. p. 51.
 
23
94. Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective p. 84.
 
24
Douglas Tallack: Sigfried Giedion, Modernism and American Material Culture pp. 149–167.
 
25
Siegried Giedion: Space, time and architecture. p. 585.
 
26
Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective p. 5.
 
27
Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective p. 79.
 
28
Jean-Louis Cohen: The Future of Architecture. p. 127.
 
29
Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective p. 96.
 
30
Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective. p. 7.
 
31
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. pp. 148, 149, 150.
 
32
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture p. 152.
 
33
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture p. 151.
 
34
Le Corbusier: Towards a new architecture p. 1.
 
35
Le Corbusier: Towards a new architecture p. 1.
 
36
Peter Collins: Modulor in Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective. pp. 82–83.
 
37
Rudolf Wittkower: Le Corbusier’s Modulor, in Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective. p. 85.
 
38
Rudolf Wittkower: Le Corbusier’s Modulor, in Peter Serenyi: Le Corbusier in perspective. p. 85.
 
39
Bertrand Russell: The Conquest of Happiness p. 116.
 
40
Le Corbusier: towards a new architecture. p. 212.
 
41
Nicolas Fox Weber: Le Corbusier, A life. p. 75.
 
42
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe, a critical biography. p. 29.
 
43
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe, a critical biography. p. 28.
 
44
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe, a critical biography. p. 31.
 
45
Not yet van der Rohe at that time.
 
46
In Joan Ockman: Architecture culture 1943–1968. p. 163.
 
47
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. pp. 74–75.
 
48
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. pp. 74–75.
 
49
Kenneth Frampton: Modern architecture, a critical history. p. 163.
 
50
Kenneth Frampton: Modern architecture, a critical history. p. 161.
 
51
Jean-Louis Cohen: The Future of Architecture. p. 150.
 
52
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. p. 348.
 
53
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. p. 290.
 
54
Werner Blaser: Mies van der Rohe, the art of structure. p. 133.
 
55
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. p. 95.
 
56
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. A critical biography. p. 261.
 
57
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. p. 108.
 
58
Marco Biraghi: Project of crisis. p. 116.
 
59
Sigfrid Giedion: Space, Time and Architecture. p. 665.
 
60
Yutaka Saito: Aalto, 10 selected houses. p. 178.
 
61
This concept is immortalised in the movie Indecent Proposal, the architects’ date movie of the 1990’s. In the movie, after the architect (Woody Harrelson) and his wife (Sandra Bullock) have agreed to the offer of a stranger (Robert Redford as a kind of modern day Dr Faustus) to pay one million dollars for a night with her. This echoes Philip Johnson’s mantra that all architects are high class whores, or in the case of Woody Harrelson’s character, a not-so-high-class one.
The marriage breaks up and the architect returns to a university to teach, showing slides of brick buildings and quipping the famous Kahn quote: “Even a brick wants to be something.”
 
62
Fundamentalism or Megalomania, is the question that Charles Jencks placed under photograph of this project. Charles Jencks. Modern Movements in Architecture. p. 235.
 
63
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-century Architecture. p. 28.
 
64
Kenneth Frampton: modern architecture p. 97.
 
65
Kenneth Frampton: Modern Architecture p. 96.
 
66
Stanford Anderson: Considering Peter Behrens Interviews with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Chicago, 1961) and Walter Gropius (Cambridge, MA, 1964.
 
67
Frances Ambler: The story of Bauhaus. p. 11.
 
68
Reginald Isaacs: Walter Gropius: An illustrated Biography of the Creator of the Bauhaus.
 
69
Paul Davies: Walter Gropius (1883–1969) in The Architectural Review. http://​www.​architectural-review.​com/​reviews/​walter-gropius/​8646993.​article.
 
70
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. p. 49.
 
71
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. p. 96.
 
72
Manfredo Tafuri: architecture and utopia. Design and capitalist development. p. 98.
 
73
Adam Sharr: Modern Architecture, a very short introduction. p. 37.
 
74
Alan Powers: Bauhaus Goes West. p. 10.
 
75
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture p. 123.
 
76
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. pp. 111, 116.
 
77
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. pp. 116, 117.
 
78
Frances Ambler: The story of Bauhaus. p. 11.
 
79
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. p. 118.
 
80
Francis Ambler: The story of Bauhaus. p. 23.
 
81
Ulrich Conrad’s: Programs and manifestoes on 20th-century architecture.
 
82
In order of importance?
 
83
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes on 20th-century-architecture. p. 119.
 
84
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. A critical biography, new and revised addition. p. 148.
 
85
Magdalene Droste: Bauhaus 1919–1933. p. 205.
 
86
Frances Ambler: the story of Bauhaus. p. 121.
 
87
Marco Biraghi: Project of crisis. p. 41.
 
88
Thirty years later the larger-than-life American renaissance architect-engineer-inventor Buckminster Fuller would do the same at the end of the second world war with his Dymaxion prefabricated house that as to be build in the re-tooling the same factories that had only months earlier built airplane bomber.
 
89
Article 155 reads: “The distribution and use of the soil shall be controlled by the state in such a manner as to prevent abuse and to promote the object of assuring to every German a healthful habitation and to all German families, especially those with many children, homesteads for living and working that are suitable to their needs. Discharged soldiers shall receive special consideration in the homestead law that is to be drafted.
Landed property the acquisition of which is necessary for the satisfaction of the demand for dwellings, for the promotion of colonisation and reclamation, or for the improvement of agriculture may be expropriated. Entailments shall be abolished. The cultivation and use of the soil shall be the duty of its owner toward the community. An increase in the value of land which accrues without the application of labor or capital to the property shall inure to the benefit of all. All natural resources of the soil and all economically useful forces of nature shall be under the supervision of the state. Private royalties shall by law be transferred to the state.”
 
90
See Ulrich Conrads’ Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-century architecture.
 
91
G.F. Hartlaub in Kenneth Frampton Modern Architecture p. 130.
 
92
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe: A critical biography p. 70.
 
93
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe: A critical biography p. 93.
 
94
18. Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. p. 99.
 
95
Anton Kaes, ed.al: The Weimar Republic Sourcebook p. 455.
 
96
During the Nazi time period, the flat roof estate was openly ostracised. In 1939 the City of Stuttgart agreed to sell the property to the Third Reich and to demolish the estate. http://​www.​weissenhof2002.​de/​english/​weissenhof.​html. I also read somewhere that the flat roofs where replaced by pitched roofs. In a 1940’s postcard a picture of the estate is superimposed with images from an arabic town with camels and men in turbans. For the Nazis this type of modern architecture was degenerate. Most of the architects would leave for the USA shortly before the war. Tom Wolfe has written a rather funny (but often also very silly) book called From Bauhaus to our House (1981), referring to the architects as The White Gods.
 
97
Sigfried Giedion: Space, time and architecture. p. 599.
 
98
Terence Riley in Philip Johnson and the Museum of modern art. p. 64.
 
99
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. p. 145.
 
100
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. A critical biography, new and revised addition. p. 145.
 
101
Theodor Adorno: Functionalism Today in Neil Leach: Rethinking Architecture. pp. 6–10.
 
102
Detlev Claussen: Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius.
 
103
Theodor Adorno: Minima Moralia. p. 58.
 
104
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe p. 156.
 
105
Alan Powers: Bauhaus goes West. p. 211.
 
106
Neil Leach: the Anaesthetics of architecture p. 27.
 
107
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. p. 47.
 
108
Alan Powers: Bauhaus goes west. p. 198.
 
109
Tom Wolfe: from Bauhaus to our house. p. 38.
 
110
Vincent Katz, ed.al: Black Mountain College.
 
111
Ulrich Conrads: Programs and manifestoes of the 20th century architecture. p. 146.
 
112
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. p. 177.
 
113
Eric Mumford: The CIAM discourse on Urbanism. p. 11.
 
114
Tom Wolfe: from Bauhaus to our house. p. 41.
 
115
Kenneth Frampton: Modern architecture, a critical history. pp. 8, 9.
 
116
Ernst Bloch: The Utopian Function of Art and Literature. p. 255.
 
117
Ernst Bloch: The Utopian Function of Art and Literature. p. 246.
 
118
Kennetch Frampton in: Hal Foster: The anti-aesthetic. Essays on Postmodern Culture. pp. 17–34.
 
119
The term today is often referred to as PoMo by architects.
 
120
Charles Jencks: Modern movements in architecture, introduction to the second edition.
 
121
Reyner Banham: Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. p. 14.
 
122
Reyner Banham: Theory and Design in the First Machine Age.
 
123
Including illustrations.
 
124
Fifth edition, re-printed in 1982.
 
125
Second edition, reprinted 1987.
 
126
Second edition, reprinted 1987.
 
127
1980 MIT edition.
 
128
Reprint of 1922 edition including a forward by Philip Johnson from 1995, and a forward of the 1966 edition by Henry-Russel Hitchcock from 1966.
 
129
First edition, 2018.
 
130
First edition 2002.
 
131
First edition, re-print 2017.
 
132
Second edition 1986.
 
133
Third edition, 2014.
 
134
First edition 1994.
 
135
Sigfried Giedion: Space, time and Architecture. p.
 
136
Sigfried Giedion: Space, time and Architecture. p. 665.
 
137
Giedion’s latest edition of the book ranks at #18 at the time of this writing, while Frampton ranks at #143.
 
138
Yes, I must confess, including in this very chapter here.
 
139
Charles Jencks: Modern Movements in Architecture. p. 142.
 
140
Umberto Eco: Travels in Hyperreality. p. 237.
 
141
Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. p. 271.
 
142
Bruno Latour: We Have Never Been Modern. p. 137.
 
Metadata
Title
Universal Architecture Domination Act
Author
Martin van der Linden
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Architecture

Print ISBN: 978-981-334-657-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-334-658-1

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4658-1_6