Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. Urban Trees and Their Relationship with Air Pollution by Particulate Matter and Ozone in Santiago, Chile

Authors : Margarita Préndez, Mauricio Araya, Carla Criollo, Claudia Egas, Iván Farías, Raúl Fuentealba, Edgardo González

Published in: Urban Climates in Latin America

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Most Latin American cities have air quality problems owing to high levels of particulate matter and ozone. By 2050, it is expected that more than 80% of Latin Americans will live in urban areas, leading to an increment in pollution problems. Santiago, Chile shows a high level of pollution from PM10 and PM2.5, especially during the autumn–winter period and from ozone (O3) during the spring–summer period owing to natural and anthropogenic causes. Information for this chapter was obtained from the official monitoring system of pollutants, but also from scientific papers and experimental work developed in our laboratory. The chapter contains a general description of the particulate matter, some analytical methods of studying it, and their officially reported sources; also, some new findings are included. For tropospheric ozone, a similar procedure was followed. The result is essentially focused on considering the ability of urban trees in capturing PM, while at the same time emitting minimal amounts of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that can potentially generate ozone. Available information shows that native species and a few exotic species were the most frequently appropriated to accomplish both requirements. As the vegetation of Santiago is mainly composed of exotic tree species that lose their leaves during the winter and produce high quantities of BVOCs during spring–summer, it does not contribute to the improvement of air quality; on the contrary. This situation should be remedied as soon as possible through the correct choice of trees and urban planning measures. The chapter also includes some similar variables reported in the literature from other countries of Latin America.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Urban Air Pollution
next chapter Urban Climates and the Challenge of Sustainable Development of Chilean Cities
Literature
Aguilar-Reyes, B., Mejía, V., Goguitchaichvili, A., Escobar, J., Bayona, G., Bautista, F., Morales, J., & Ihl, T. (2013). Reconnaissance environmental magnetic study of urban soils, dust and leaves from Bogotá, Colombia. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 57(4), 741–754. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11200-012-0682-9.CrossRef
Albertine, J. M., Manning, W. J., Da Costa, M., Stinson, K. A., Muilenberg, M. L., & Rogers, C. A. (2014). Projected carbon dioxide to increase grass pollen and allergen exposure despite higher ozone levels. PLoS One, 9(11), e111712.
Almeida, S. M., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M., Pinheiro, T., Felix, P. M., & Pio, C. A. (2013). Fifteen years of nuclear techniques application to suspended particulate matter studies. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 297(3), 347–356.
Altimir, N., Tuovinen, J. P., Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., & Hari, P. (2004). Measurements of ozone removal by Scots pine shoots: Calibration of a stomatal uptake model including the non-stomatal component. Atmospheric Environment, 38(15), 2387–2398.
Alvarado, A., Baldini, A., & Guajardo, F. (Eds.). (2013). Programa de arborización: Un chileno, un árbol: Árboles urbanos de Chile. Gobierno de Chile: Guía de Reconocimiento.
Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, U., & Palmer, P. I. (2008). Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why in this not so for monoterpenes). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8(16), 4605–4620.
Artaxo, P., Oyola, P., & Martínez, R. (1999). Aerosol composition and source apportionment in Santiago de Chile. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 150(1), 409–416.
Astudillo, P., Mancilla, P., Olmos, C., & Reyes, Á. (2012). Epidemiology of pediatric respiratory consultations in Santiago de Chile, from 1993 to 2009. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 32, 56–61.
Atkinson, R. (1990). Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: A review. Atmospheric Environment Part A. General Topics, 24(1), 1–41.
Avolio, M. L., Pataki, D. E., Pincetl, S., Gillespie, T. W., Jenerette, G. D., & McCarthy, H. R. (2015). Understanding preferences for tree attributes: The relative effects of socio-economic and local environmental factors. Urban Ecosystems, 18(1), 73–86.
Badiu, D. L., Ioja, C. I., Patroescua, M., Breuste, J., Artmann, M., Nita, M. R., Gradinarua, S. R., Hossu, C. A., & Onose, D. A. (2016). Is urban green space per capita a valuable target to achieve cities’sustainability goals? Romania as a case study. Ecological Indicators, 70, 53–66.
Barrios, S., Peña-Cortés, F., & Osses, S. (2004). Efectos de la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado en las enfermedades respiratorias agudas en menores de 5 años. Ciencia y enfermería, 10(2), 21–29.
Bell, M., McDermott, A., Zeger, S., Samet, J., & Dominici, F. (2004). Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987–2000. JAMA, 292(19), 2372–2378.
Bon, D., Ulbrich, I., Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Kuster, W., Alexander, M., Baker, A., Beyersdorf, A., Blake, D., Fall, R., Jiménez, J., Herndon, S., Huey, L., Knighton, O., Springston, J., & Vargas, O. (2011). Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: Measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physic, 11, 2399–2421.
Bowman, F. M., & Seinfeld, J. H. (1994). Ozone productivity of atmospheric organics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(D3), 5309–5324.
Burnett, R., Smith-Doiron, M., Stieb, D., Raizenne, M., Brook, J., Dales, R., Leech, J., Cakmak, S., & Krewski, D. (2001). Association between ozone and hospitalization for acute respiratory diseases in children less than 2 years of age. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(5), 444–452.
Cakmak, S., Dales, R. E., & Vidal, C. B. (2007). Air pollution and mortality in Chile: Susceptibility among the elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 524–527.
Calfapietra, C., Mugnozza, G. S., Karnosky, D. F., Loreto, F., & Sharkey, T. D. (2008). Isoprene emission rates under elevated CO2 and O3 en two field-grown aspen clones differing in their sensitivity to O3. New Phytologist, 179(1), 55–61.
Calfapietra, C., Fares, S., & Loreto, F. (2009). Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone. Environmental Pollution, 157(5), 1478–1486.
Calzolai, G., Lucarelli, F., Chiari, M., Nava, S., Giannoni, M., Carraresi, L., & Vecchi, R. (2015). Improvements in PIXE analysis of hourly particulate matter samples. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 363, 99–104.
Castañeda-Miranda, A. G., Chaparro, M. A., Chaparro, M. A., & Böhnel, H. N. (2016). Magnetic properties of Tillandsia recurvata L. and its use for biomonitoring a Mexican metropolitan area. Ecological Indicators, 60, 125–136.
Chameides, W. L., Fehsenfeld, F., Rodgers, M. O., Cardelino, C., Martínez, J., Parrish, D., Lonneman, W., Lawson, D. R., Rasmussen, R. A., Zimmerman, P., Greenberg, J., Middleton, P., & Wang, T. (1992). Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 97(D5), 6037–6055.
Chen, T. Y., & Jang, M. (2012). Secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of a mixture of dimethyl sulfide and isoprene. Atmospheric Environment, 46, 271–278.
Cheung, K., Daher, N., Kam, W., Shafer, M., Ning, Z., Schauer, J., & Sioutas, C. (2011). Spatial and temporal variation of chemical composition and mass closure of ambient coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5) in the Los Angeles area. Atmospheric Environment, 45(16), 2651–2662.
CONAMA. (1997). Inventario de Emisiones Atmosféricas de la Región Metropolitana para 1997 y Proyecciones al 2005. Chile: Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente, CENMA.
Corchnoy, S. B., Arey, J., & Atkinson, R. (1992). Hydrocarbon emissions from twelve urban shade trees of the Los Angeles, California, Air Basin. Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 26(3), 339–348.
Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Mulder, K., Liu, S., & Christopher, T. (2007). Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multi-scale empirical study of the relationship between species richness and net primary production. Ecological Economics, 61(2), 478–491.
Criollo, C., Assar, R., Cáceres, D., & Préndez, M. (2016). Urban trees, air quality and respiratory diseases in six communes of the province of Santiago, Chile. Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias, 32(2), 77–86.
Das, S., & Prasad, P. (2010). Seasonal variation in air pollution tolerance indices and selection of plant species for industrial areas of Rourkela. International Journal of Environmental Protection, 30, 978–988.
Sienra, M., Rosazza, N. G., & Préndez, M. (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their molecular diagnostic ratios in urban atmospheric respirable particulate matter. Atmospheric Research, 75(4), 267–281.
Derwent, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Passant, N. R., & Pilling, M. J. (2007). Photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) for different emission sources of organic compounds under European conditions estimated with a master chemical mechanism. Atmospheric Environment, 41(12), 2570–2579.
Díaz-Robles, L. A., Fu, J. S., Vergara-Fernández, A., Etcharren, P., Schiappacasse, L. N., Reed, G. D., & Silva, M. P. (2014). Health risks caused by short term exposure to ultrafine particles generated by residential wood combustion: A case study of Temuco, Chile. Environment International, 66, 174–181.
Dineva, S. B. (2006). Development of the leaf blades of Acer platanoides in industrially contaminated environment. Dendrobiology, 55, 25–32.
Donoso, C. (Ed.). (2005). Las especies arbóreas de los bosques templados de Chile y Argentina. Autoecología. Valdivia: Marisa Cúneo Ediciones.
Egas, C. (2017). Características biológicas del arbolado urbano para contribuir con criterios de selección de especies arbóreas (Tesis de Magíster en Gestión y Planificación Ambiental). Programa Interfacultades, Universidad de Chile.
Escobedo, F., Nowak, D. J., Wagner, J. E., De la Maza, C. L., Rodríguez, M., Crane, D. E., & Hernández, J. (2006). The socioeconomics and management of Santiago de Chile’s public urban forests. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 4(3), 105–114.
Escobedo, F. J., Wagner, J., Nowak, D. J., De la Maza, C. L., Rodríguez, M., & Crane, D. (2008). Analyzing the cost-effectiveness of Santiago, Chile’s policy of using urban forests to improve air quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 86, 148–157.
Escobedo, F. J., Kroeger, T., & Wagner, J. E. (2011). Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environmental Pollution, 159(8), 2078–2087.
Evans, R. C., Tingey, D. T., Gumpertz, M. L., & Burns, W. F. (1982). Estimates of isoprene and monoterpene emission rates in plants. Botanical Gazette, 143(3), 304–310.
Figueroa, J. A., Teillier, S., Guerrero-Leiva, N., Ray-Bobadilla, C., Rivano, S., Saavedra, D., & Castro, S. (2016). Vascular flora in public spaces of Santiago, Chile. Flora vascular en el espacio público de Santiago, Chile. Gayana Botanica, 73(1), 85.
Finlayson-Pitts, B., & Pitts, J. N. (1997). Tropospheric air pollution: Ozone, airborne toxics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles. Science, 276(5315), 1045–1051.
Franck, U., Leitte, A. M., & Suppan, P. (2015). Multifactorial airborne exposures and respiratory hospital admissions-the example of Santiago de Chile. Science of the Total Environment, 502, 114–121.
Fuentealba, R. (2015). Estudio diurno y nocturno del material particulado MP2,5 y MP10 en la Comuna de Independencia, Santiago, Chile (Memoria para optar al Título de Químico). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile.
Fuentealba, R. (2017). Estudio de métodos no destructivos nucleares y atómicos de análisis multielemental. Aplicación al material particulado resuspendido en comunas de la Ciudad de Santiago, Chile. (Diplomado en Tecnología Nuclear). Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana.
Gastelum, S. L., Mejía-Velázquez, G. M., & Lozano-García, D. F. (2016). Remote sensing estimation of isoprene and monoterpene emissions generated by natural vegetation in Monterrey, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(6), 1–16.
Gazley, M. F., & Fisher, L. A. (2014). A review of the reliability and validity of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) data. In Mineral resource and ore reserve estimation–The AusIMM guide to good practice (pp. 69–82).
Geron, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Loescher, H. W., Clark, D., & Baker, B. (2002). Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 3793–3802.
Gostin, I. N. (2009). Air pollution effects on the leaf structure of some Fabaceae species. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 37(2), 57.
Gramsch, E., Caceres, D., Oyola, P., Reyes, F., Vásquez, Y., Rubio, M. A., & Sánchez, G. (2014). Influence of surface and subsidence thermal inversion on PM2.5 and black carbon concentration. Atmospheric Environment, 98, 290–298.
Guéguen, F., Stille, P., & Millet, M. (2011). Air quality assessment by tree bark biomonitoring in urban, industrial and rural environments of the Rhine Valley: PCDD/Fs, PCBs and trace metal evidence. Chemosphere, 85(2), 195–202.
Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., & Harley, P. (1993). Isoprene and monoterpene variability: Model evaluations and sensitivity analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 609–617.
Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., & Zimmerman, P. (1995). A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 8873–8892.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., & Wang, X. (2012). The model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): An extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions. Geoscientific Model Development, 5, 1471–1492. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​gmd-5-1471-2012.CrossRef
Gutiérrez, P. (2005). 84 árboles para las ciudades de Chile. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Mayor.
Heath, R. L., & Taylor, G. E. (1997). Physiological processes and plant responses to ozone exposure. In H. Sandermann (Ed.), Forest decline and ozone: A comparison of controlled chamber and field experiments, Ecological studies (Vol. 127, pp. 317–368). Heidelberg: Springer.
Hebbert, M., & Webb, B. (2012). Towards a liveable urban climate – Lessons from Stuttgart. In C. Gossop (Ed.), Liveable cities: Urbanising world (ISOCARP 07) (pp. 132–150). London/New York: Routledge.
Hernández, H. J. (2016). Estructura y composición del arbolado de Santiago: actualización al 2014. Informe de Proyecto Fondecyt 1140319: Vegetation Knowledge-based Indicators for Urban Sustainable Planning. Retrieved from: http://​www.​gep.​uchile.​cl/​ecourbe
Hitzenberger, R., Berner, A., Galambos, Z., Maenhaut, W., Cafmeyer, J., Schwarz, J., Müller, K., Spindler, G., Wieprecht, W., Acker, K., Hillamo, R., & Mäkelä, T. (2004). Intercomparison of methods to measure the mass concentration of the atmospheric aerosol during INTERCOMP2000 – Influences of instrumentation and size cuts. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 6467–6476.
Hoffmann, A. (1998a). El Árbol Urbano en Chile. Santiago: Ediciones Fundación Claudio Gay.
Hoffmann, A. (1998b). Flora Silvestre de Chile, Zona Central. Santiago: Ediciones Fundación Claudio Gay.
International Federation of Parks and Recreation Administration (IFPRA). (2010). World Congress, Hong Kong, City Hall, Aldous DE Greening South East Asian Capital Cities. In Paper of the 22nd 15–18 November 2010.
Kabisch, N., Strohbach, M. & Haase, D. (2015). Internal project report on inventory of urban green space demand for the two scale levels, ULLS and European urban atlas cities (Milestone report MS 24).
Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151, 362–367.
Kesselmeier, J., & Staudt, M. (1999). Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33(1), 23–88.
Khalil, R. (2014). Quantitative evaluation of distribution and accessibility of urban green spaces (Case study: City of Jeddah). International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 4(3), 526–535.
Kim, H., Barkey, B., & Paulson, S. E. (2012). Real refractive indices and formation yields of secondary organic aerosol generated from photooxidation of limonene and alpha-pinene: The effect of the HC/NOx ratio. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 116(24), 6059–6067.
Kim, H., Liu, S., Russell, L. M., & Paulson, S. E. (2014). Dependence of real refractive indices on O:C, H:C and mass fragments of secondary organic aerosol generated from ozonolysis and photooxidation of limonene and alpha-pinene. Aerosol Science and Technology, 48(5), 498–507.
Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Kabir, S. (2015). A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment International, 74, 136–143.
Koeser, A. K., Gilman, E. F., Paz, M., & Harchick, C. (2014). Factors influencing urban tree planting program growth and survival in Florida, United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13, 655–661.
Leiva, M., Santibañez, D., Ibarra, S., Matus, P., & Seguel, R. (2013). A five-year study of particulate matter (PM2.5) and cerebrovascular diseases. Environmental Pollution, 181, 1–6.
Liu, L., Yu, L. Y., Mu, H. J., Xing, L. Y., Li, Y. X., & Pan, G. W. (2014). Shape of concentration-response curves between long-term particulate matter exposure and morbidities of chronic bronchitis: A review of epidemiological evidence. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 6(7), S720.
Lukjanova, A., & Mandre, M. (2010). Effects of alkalization of the environment on the anatomy of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 206, 13–22.
Machler, F., Wasescha, M. R., Krieg, F., & Oertli, J. J. (1995). Damage by ozone and protection by ascorbic acid in barley leaves. Journal of Plant Physiology, 147, 469–473.
Maenhaut, W., Raes, N., & Wang, W. (2011). Analysis of atmospheric aerosols by particle-induced X-ray emission, instrumental neutron activation analysis, and ion chromatography. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 269(22), 2693–2698.
Marié, D. C., Chaparro, M. A., Irurzun, M. A., Lavornia, J. M., Marinelli, C., Cepeda, R., Böhnel, H., Castañeda, A. G., & Sinito, A. M. (2016). Magnetic mapping of air pollution in Tandil city (Argentina) using the lichen Parmotrema pilosum as biomonitor. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7(3), 513–520.
Matus, P., & Lucero, R. (2002). Norma Primaria de Calidad del Aire. Revista Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 18(2), 112–122.
Mauderly, J. L., & Samet, J. M. (2009). Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects? Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(1), 1–6.
McConnell, R., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F., London, S., Islam, T., Gauderman, J., Avol, E., Margolis, H., & Peters, J. (2002). Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: A cohort study. The Lancet, 359, 386–391.
Mesquita, P. R., Nunes, E. C., dos Santos, F. N., Bastos, L. P., Costa, M. A., Rodrígues, F., & de Andrade, J. (2017). Discrimination of Eugenia uniflora L. biotypes based on volatile compounds in leaves using HS-SPME/GC–MS and chemometric analysis. Microchemical Journal, 130, 79–87.
Millward, A. A., & Sabir, S. (2011). Benefits of a forested urban park: What is the value of Allan Gardens to the city of Toronto, Canada? Landscape and Urban Planning, 100, 177–188.
Morani, A., Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., & Calfapietra, C. (2011). How to select the best tree planting locations to enhance air pollution removal in the million trees NYC initiative. Environmental Pollution, 159(5), 1040–1047.
Morar, T., Radoslav, R., Spiridon, L., & Păcurar, L. (2014). Assessing pedestrian accessibility to green space using GIS Transylvanian. Review of Administrative Sciences, 42, 116–139.
Muñoz, D., Aguilar, B., Fuentealba, R., & Préndez, M. (2017). Environmental studies in two communes of Santiago de Chile by the analysis of magnetic properties of particulate matter deposited on leaves of roadside trees. Atmospheric Environment, 152, 617–627.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F. M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J. F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., & Zhang, H. (2013). Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In T. F. Stocker (Ed.), Climate change 2013: The physical science base, contribution of working group 1 to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 659–740). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nilo, C. (2003). Plan Verde: Un instrumento para la gestión y el fomento de áreas verdes en el Gran Santiago. Urbano, 6(8), 10–15.
Ortiz, J., Apablaza, N., Campos, C., Zolezzi, S., & Préndez, M. (1993). Tropospheric aerosols above the thermal inversion layer of Santiago, Chile: Size distribution of elemental concentration. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 27(3), 397–399.
Ostro, B., Sánchez, J. M., Aranda, C., & Eskeland, G. S. (1996). Air pollution and mortality: Results from Santiago, Chile. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 6, 97–114.
Oyarzún, M. (2010). Contaminación aérea y sus efectos en la salud. Revista Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 26(1), 16–25.
Pafi, M., Siragusa, A., Ferri, S., & Halkia, M. (2016). A comparison of the green ESM with other datasets in four European cities. Measuring the accessibility of urban green areas. Technical report, joint research centre, European Commission. JRC science hub. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://​www.​ec.​europa.​eu/​jrc
Paoletti, E. (2009). Ozone and urban forests in Italy. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1506–1512.
Peñuelas, J., & Lluisà, J. (2002). Linking photorespiration, monoterpenes and thermotolerance in Quercus. New Phytologist, 155, 227–237.
Peñuelas, J., & Staudt, M. (2010). BVOCs and global change. Trends in Plant Science, 15(3), 133–144.
Pichersky, E., & Gershenzon, J. (2002). The formation and function of plant volatiles: Perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5, 237–243.
Pope, C., Renlund, D., Kfoury, A., May, H., & Horne, B. (2008). Relation of heart failure hospitalization to exposure to fine particulate air pollution. The American Journal of Cardiology, 102(9), 1230–1234.
Prajapati, S. K., & Tripathi, B. D. (2008). Seasonal variation of leaf dust accumulation and pigment content in plant species exposed to urban particulates pollution. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(3), 865–870.
Préndez, M. (1993). Características de los Contaminantes Atmosféricos. In H. Sandoval (Ed.), Contaminación Atmosférica de Santiago: Estado Actual y Soluciones. Santiago: Universidad de Chile y Comisión Especial de Descontaminación de la Región Metropolitana.
Préndez, M., Ortiz, J. L., Cortés, E., & Cassorla, V. (1984). Elemental composition of airborne particulate matter from Santiago City, Chile, 1976. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 34(1), 54–56.
Préndez, M., Ortiz, J., Zolezzi, S., Campos, C., & Apablaza, N. (1991). Aerosoles atmosféricos de naturaleza inorgánica. Contaminación en Santiago de Chile. Revista Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 7(4), 224–237.
Préndez, M., Egido, M., Tomas, M., Seco, J., Calvo, A. R., & Romero, H. (1995). Correlation between solar radiation and total suspended particulate matter in Santiago, Chile. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 1543–1551.
Préndez, M., Punta, A., Sepúlveda, J., & Medina, P. (2007, September 5–7). Vehículos diesel livianos y medianos de tecnologías nuevas como fuente de material particulado (Paper presented at the V Congreso Interamericano de la Calidad del Aire, Santiago).
Préndez, M., Alvarado, G., & Serey, I. (2011). Some guidelines to improve air quality management in Santiago, Chile: From commune to basin level. In N. Mazzeo (Ed.), Air quality monitoring, assessment and management (pp. 305–328). Rijeka: Intech.
Préndez, M., Carvajal, V., Corada, K., Morales, J., Alarcón, F., & Peralta, H. (2013a). Biogenic volatile organic compounds from the urban forest of the metropolitan region, Chile. Environmental Pollution, 183, 143–150.
Préndez, M., Corada, K., & Morales, J. (2013b). Emission factors of biogenic volatile organic compounds in various stages of growth present in the urban forest of the metropolitan region, Chile. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 17(11), 108–116.
Préndez, M., Corada, K., & Morales, J. (2014). Natural organic compounds from the urban forest of the metropolitan region, Chile: Impact on air quality. In K. Chetehouna (Ed.), Volatile organic compounds (pp. 103–142). New York: Nova Sciences Publishers Inc..
Raynor, P., Leith, D., Lee, K., & Mukund, R. (2011). Sampling and analysis using filters. In P. Kulkarni (Ed.), Aerosol Measurements. Principles Techniques and Applications (pp. 107–128). Hoboken: Wiley.
Reyes-Päcke, S., & Figueroa-Aldunce, I. M. (2010). Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile. EURE (Santiago), 36(109), 89–110.
Richter, P., Griño, P., Ahumada, I., & Giordano, A. (2007). Total element concentration and chemical fractionation in airborne particulate matter from Santiago, Chile. Atmospheric Environment, 41(32), 6729–6738.
Riedemann, P., & Aldunate, G. (2004). Flora nativa de valor ornamental, identificación y propagación, Chile, Zona centro. Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello.
Rinne, H. J., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., & Harley, P. C. (2002). Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above Amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2421–2426.
Román, O., Prieto, M., Mancilla, P., Astudillo, P., Dussaubat, A., Miguel, C., & Lara, J. (2009). Daño cardiovascular por material particulado del aire. Puesta al día 2008. Revista Médica de Chile, 137(9), 1217–1224.
Romieu, I., Gouveia, N., Cifuentes, L. A., de León, A. P., Junger, W., Vera, J., Strappa, V., Hurtado-Díaz, M., Miranda-Soberanis, V., Rojas-Bracho, L., Carbajal-Arroyo, L., Tzintzun-Cervantes, G., & HEI Health Review Committee. (2012). Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study). Research Report (Health Effects Institute), 171, 5–86.
Rouillon, M., & Taylor, M. P. (2016). Canfield portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) produces high quality data for application in environmental contamination research? Environmental Pollution, 214, 255–264.
Rubio, M. A., Zamorano, N., Lissi, E., Rojas, A., Gutierrez, L., & von Baer, D. (2006). Volatile carbonylic compounds in downtown Santiago, Chile. Chemosphere, 62, 1011–1020.
Saadabi, A. M. (2011). Effects of auto-exhaust pollution on the micro-morphology and leaf epidermal features of ornamental plants in Khartoum, Sudan. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7, 270–273.
Samet, J. M., Gruskin, S., & Grp, F. I. (2015). Air pollution, health, and human rights. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3, 98–100.
Sánchez-Duque, A., Bautista, F., Goguitchaichvili, A., Cejudo-Ruiz, R., Reyes-López, J. A., Solís-Domínguez, F. A., & Morales-Contreras, J. J. (2015). Evaluación de la contaminación ambiental a partir del aumento magnético en polvos urbanos-Caso de estudio para la ciudad de Mexicali, México. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 32(3), 501–513.
Seguel, R., Morales, R., & Leiva, M. (2009). Estimations of primary and secondary organic carbon formation in PM2.5 aerosols of Santiago City, Chile. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2125–2131.
Seguel, R. J., Morales, R. G., & Leiva, M. A. (2012). Ozone weekend effect in Santiago, Chile. Environmental Pollution, 162, 72–79.
Soja, G., & Soja, A. M. (1995). Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 1461–1466.
Solomon, P., & Sioutas, C. (2008). Continuous and semi-continuous monitoring techniques for particulate matter mass and chemical components: A synthesis of findings from EPA’s particulate matter supersites program and related studies. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 58, 164–195.
Speer, J. H. (2010). Fundamentals of tree-ring research. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Srimuruganandam, B., & Nagendra, S. S. (2012). Source characterization of PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass using a chemical mass balance model at urban roadside. Science of the Total Environment, 433, 8–19.
Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(12), 1879–1900.
Thaiutsa, B., Puangchit, L., Kjelgren, R., & Arunpraparut, W. (2008). Urban green space, street tree and heritage large tree assessment in Bangkok, Thailand. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 7, 219–229.
Tiwary, A., Sinnett, D., Peachey, C., Chalabi, Z., Vardoulakis, S., Fletcher, T., Leonardi, G., Grundy, C., Azapagic, A., & Hutchings, T. R. (2009). An integrated tool to assess the role of new planting in PM10 capture and the human health benefits: A case study in London. Environmental Pollution, 157, 2645–2653.
Toro, R., Flocchini, R., Morales, R. G., & Leiva, M. A. (2014). Carbonaceous aerosols in fine particulate matter of Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile. The Scientific World Journal, 2014(794590), 12.
UN. (2016). Reporte de las Ciudades del Mundo, Conferencia ONU Hábitat III.
USACH. (2014). Actualización y sistematización del inventario de emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos en la Región Metropolitana Santiago de Chile (pp. 34–40). Santiago.
USEPA. (2008). Draft EPA SW-848 Method 6200. Field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of elemental concentration in soil and sediment’, EPA office of solid waste. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
USEPA. (2009). Integrated science assessment for particulate matter (Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-08/139F, 2009.
Valdés, A., Zanobetti, A., Halonen, J. I., Cifuentes, L., Morata, D., & Schwartz, J. (2012). Elemental concentrations of ambient particles and cause specific mortality in Santiago, Chile: A time series study. Environmental Health, 11(1), 82.
Villalobos, A. M., Barraza, F., Jorquera, H., & Schauer, J. J. (2015). Chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, 2013. Science of the Total Environment, 512, 133–142.
Wang, L., Aleme, H., Passador, M., Furtado, E., Alves, F., Poppia, R., & Augusto, F. (2013a). Determination of disease biomarkers in eucalyptus by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and multivariate data analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1279, 86–91.
Wang, L., Toledo, B., Alves, F., Pizetta, M., Geraldi, C., Furtado, E., & Augusto, F. (2013b). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined to multivariate data analysis for detection of disease-resistant clones of Eucalyptus. Talanta, 116, 1079–1084.
Weindorf, D. C., Bakr, N., & Zhu, Y. (2014). Advances in portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) for environmental, pedological, and agronomic applications. Advances in Agronomy, 128, 1–45.
WHO. (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series 91, Copenhagen.
WHO. (2003). Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Bonn.
WHO. (2005). World Health Organization air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 2005. Summary of risk assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Winer, A. M., Fitz, D. R., & Miller, P. R. (1983). Investigation of the role of natural hydrocarbons in photochemical smog formation in California. Contract No. AO-056-32, prepared for the California Air Resources Board, by the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center. Los Angeles: Riverside.
WMO/IGAC. (2012). The impacts of megacities on air quality and climate change: An IGAC perspective. WMO/IGAC.
World Bank. (1994). Chile-managing environmental problems: Economic analysis of selected issues, Report No.13061-CH. P 115. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Yang, J., McBride, J., Zhou, J., & Sun, Z. (2005). The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 3, 65–78.
Yang, J., Yu, Q., & Gong, P. (2008). Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 7266–7273.
Zereini, F., & Wiseman, C. L. (2010). Urban airborne particulate matter: Origin, chemistry, fate, and health impacts. Heidelberg: Springer.
Zimmerman, P. R. (1979). Determination of emission rates of hydrocarbons from indigenous species of vegetation in the Tampa/St Petersburg, Florida Area. EPA Contract 904/9-77-0282.
Metadata
Title
Urban Trees and Their Relationship with Air Pollution by Particulate Matter and Ozone in Santiago, Chile
Authors
Margarita Préndez
Mauricio Araya
Carla Criollo
Claudia Egas
Iván Farías
Raúl Fuentealba
Edgardo González
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Urban Climates in Latin America

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97012-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-97013-4

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97013-4_8