Background
Methods
Sample selection and recruitment strategy
Health state selection
Eliciting preferences
Quality control process
Statistical analysis
Sample characteristics
Data modeling
Results
Data collection and quality check procedure
Sample characteristics
Sampling characteristics | Study sample. n (%) (n = 300) | General population [19] (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 154 (51.3) | 49.8 |
Female | 146 (48.7) | 50.2 |
Age group | ||
20–29 | 86 (28.7) | 25.3 |
30–39 | 74 (24.7) | 23.2 |
40–49 | 53 (17.7) | 19.1 |
50-59 | 46 (15.3) | 15.7 |
60 + | 41 (13.6) | 16.8 |
Region | ||
Northeast | 124 (41.3) | 39.1 |
Northwest | 36 (12.0) | 10.6 |
West-central | 33 (11.0) | 12.8 |
East-central | 64 (21.3) | 23.1 |
Southwest | 16 (5.4) | 5.5 |
Southeast | 27 (9.0) | 8.9 |
Civil state | ||
Single | 129 (43.0) | 36.9 |
Married | 134 (44.6) | 56.6 |
Divorced | 6 (2.0) | 1.3 |
Widow | 14 (4.7) | 5.2 |
Missing data | 17 (5.7) | |
Education | ||
None | 10 (3.4) | 19 |
Primary school | 26 (13) | 32.8 |
High school | 73 (21.0) | 35.3 |
Higher education | 172 (57.3) | 12.9 |
Missing data | 16 (5.3) | |
Activity | ||
Unemployed | 13 (4.2) | 14.8 |
Active | 197 (65.5) | 46.5 |
Laborer | 37 (12.3) | Not available |
Part-time job | 8 (2.7) | Not available |
Employee | 103 (34.3) | Not available |
Executive officer | 40 (13.2) | Not available |
Liberal | 9 (3.0) | Not available |
Inactive | 75 (25) | 38.7 |
Housewife (house-husband) | 13 (4.3) | Not available |
Student | 38 (12.7) | Not available |
Retired | 24 (8.0) | Not available |
Missing data | 15 (5.0) | |
Medical coverage | ||
None | 55 (18.3) | 18.7 |
Yes | 231 (77.0) | 80.5 |
Other | 0 (0) | 0.8 |
Missing data | 14 (4.7) | |
Participants stating that their religious beliefs had an impact on the valuation task | 43 (14.3) | Not applicable |
Modeling
GLS (Model 1) | Tobit GLS (Model 2) | HET (Model 3) | Tobit HET (Model 4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
MO2 | 0.086 (0.020) | 0.074 (0.022) | 0.055 (0.016) | 0.088 (0.019) |
MO3 | 0.546 (0.020) | 0.592 (0.022) | 0.565 (0.023) | 0.548 (0.020) |
SC2 | 0.161 (0.018) | 0.168 (0.020) | 0.142 (0.017) | 0.164 (0.018) |
SC3 | 0.398 (0.019) | 0.439 (0.021) | 0.396 (0.021) | 0.397 (0.019) |
UA2 | 0.103 (0.020) | 0.094 (0.022) | 0.070 (0.016) | 0.103 (0.019) |
UA3 | 0.246 (0.019) | 0.274 (0.021) | 0.262 (0.022) | 0.247 (0.019) |
PD2 | 0.054 (0.018) | 0.047 (0.020) | 0.052 (0.016) | 0.054 (0.018) |
PD3 | 0.299 (0.019) | 0.322 (0.021) | 0.308 (0.022) | 0.300 (0.019) |
AD2 | 0.094 (0.020) | 0.088 (0.022) | 0.086 (0.016) | 0.092 (0.020) |
AD3 | 0.280 (0.019) | 0.300 (0.021) | 0.283 (0.022) | 0.277 (0.019) |
Constant | 0.000 (0.024)* | − 0.009 (0.027)* | 0.018 (0.015)* | −0.007 (0.024)* |
Uncensored Observations | 3000 | 2631 | 3000 | 2631 |
Right-Censored Observations | 0 | 369 | 0 | 369 |
AIC | 3320.868 | 4193.709 | 3555.007 | 3308.948 |
BIC | 3398.951 | 4271.792 | 3687.147 | 3447.095 |
MAE | 0.341 | 0.342 | 0.335 | 0.342 |
Predicted value for the pit state | − 0.769 | − 0.927 | − 0.814 | −0.765 |
HYBRID (Model I) | HYBRID TOBIT (Model II) | HYBRID HET (Model III) | HYBRID TOBIT HET (Model IV) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
MO2 | 0.082(0.014) | 0.077(0.016) | 0.076(0.012) | 0.071(0.011) |
MO3 | 0.587(0.015) | 0.634(0.017) | 0.597(0.016) | 0.658(0.020) |
SC2 | 0.177(0.013) | 0.181(0.015) | 0.165(0.012) | 0.164(0.013) |
SC3 | 0.338(0.014) | 0.364(0.016) | 0.340(0.015) | 0.370(0.017) |
UA2 | 0.082(0.015) | 0.081(0.016) | 0.078(0.012) | 0.076(0.011) |
UA3 | 0.244(0.014) | 0.266(0.016) | 0.251(0.014) | 0.273(0.016) |
PD2 | 0.052(0.014) | 0.045(0.015) | 0.057(0.012) | 0.055(0.012) |
PD3 | 0.270(0.014) | 0.288(0.016) | 0.276(0.014) | 0.296(0.016) |
AD2 | 0.095(0.015) | 0.089(0.016) | 0.095(0.012) | 0.093(0.012) |
AD3 | 0.329(0.014) | 0.350(0.015) | 0.332(0.014) | 0.357(0.016) |
AIC | 6908.452 | 7788.361 | 6511.941 | 6937.185 |
BIC | 6988.650 | 7868.560 | 6658.972 | 7084.215 |
MAE (cTTO observations as a benchmark) | 0.342 | 0.343 | 0.341 | 0.344 |
Prediction for the pit state | − 0.768 | − 0.902 | − 0.796 | − 0.954 |
Continuous uncensored observations | 3000 | 2631 | 3000 | 2631 |
Continuous right-censored observations | 0 | 369 | 0 | 369 |
Dichotomous observations | 2903 | 2903 | 2903 | 2903 |
Discussion
HET GLS (Model 3) | CLOGIT (Model A) | Hybrid HET (Model III) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | Rescaled β | β (SE) | |
MO2 | 0.055(0.016) | 0.397(0.078) | 0.109 | 0.076(0.012) |
MO3 | 0.565(0.023) | 2.279(0.103) | 0.629 | 0.597(0.016) |
SC2 | 0.142(0.017) | 0.676(0.074) | 0.186 | 0.165(0.012) |
SC3 | 0.396(0.021) | 1.151(0.091) | 0.318 | 0.340(0.015) |
UA2 | 0.070(0.016) | 0.341(0.082) | 0.094 | 0.078(0.012) |
UA3 | 0.262(0.022) | 0.863(0.083) | 0.238 | 0.251(0.014) |
PD2 | 0.052(0.016) | 0.220(0.072) | 0.060 | 0.057(0.012) |
PD3 | 0.308(0.022) | 0.942(0.085) | 0.260 | 0.276(0.014) |
AD2 | 0.086(0.016) | 0.386(0.086) | 0.106 | 0.095(0.012) |
AD3 | 0.283(0.022) | 1.364(0.094) | 0.376 | 0.332(0.014) |
Constant | 0.018(0.015)* | |||
Continuous observations | 3000 | 0 | 3000 | |
Dichotomous observations | 0 | 2903 | 2903 | |
Estimated values by health state | ||||
U(11121) | 0.948 | 0.94 | 0.943 | |
U(32132) | − 0.101 | − 0.181 | − 0.133 | |
U(33333) | − 0.814 | − 0.821 | − 0.796 |