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Wandering Spurs in MASH-Based Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers

How They Arise and How to Get Rid of Them

  • 2022
  • Book
Authors
Prof. Dawei Mai
Michael Peter Kennedy
Book Series
Analog Circuits and Signal Processing
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Part of
Springer Professional "Business + Economics & Engineering + Technology"
Springer Professional "Engineering + Technology"

About this book

Few people know what wandering spurs are; fewer still know how to get rid of them. This book, which is written by those who raised awareness of wandering spurs, explained how they arise, and invented ways to get rid of them, contains valuable insights, analytical techniques and examples that will enable the reader to become an expert in the area. The book is aimed at circuit design professionals who need to ensure that their designs are not compromised by wandering spurs. In addition to insights, theory, and analysis, it contains practical circuit solutions, the performance of which are characterized experimentally.

This book explains—using simulation, analysis, and experimental measurements—what wandering spurs are, how they arise, how to characterize them and, most importantly, how to get rid of them. The authors present not only theoretical analysis and simulation strategies, but also provide an overview of spectral analysis techniques for studying the phenomenon and convincing experimental results from both commercially available and custom-designed monolithic synthesizers.

Explains what wandering spurs are and how they differ qualitatively from the well-known fixed spurs that plague fractional-N frequency synthesizers;Provides analytical and simulation methods to study wandering spurs and original analysis of the cause of this recently reported spectral phenomenon;Presents and analyses theoretical designs based on a conventional MASH 1-1-1 to mitigate wandering spurs;Describes measured performance for the discussed designs, confirming their effectiveness in mitigating wandering spurs.

Table of Contents

  1. Frontmatter

  2. Chapter 1. Introduction

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    Frequency synthesizers are used in a wide range of electronic systems for communications and clocking purposes. Their primary function is to produce a signal (typically a sinewave or a squarewave) at a precise frequency.

  3. Chapter 2. Simulation of Phase Noise in a Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    In this chapter, the fractional-N frequency synthesizer considered and the models of it used in the simulations in this book are elaborated. Nonlinearity will cause extra noise components in the synthesizer’s output, especially in the contribution from the divider controller. Simplified models characterizing the dominant nonlinearity of a fractional-N frequency synthesizer are detailed. Examples of the evaluation of phase noise performance via simulation are also presented.

  4. Chapter 3. Spurious Tones in Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    As outlined in Chap. 2, the output phase noise contribution of the divider controller in the nonlinear case is a major cause of the spurious tones in a fractional-N frequency synthesizer. In this chapter, a brief classification of the observed stationary spurs related to the divider controller noise is first presented. Since time-varying phenomena may not be observed using the long-term spectrum, wandering spurs are usually analyzed using the spectrogram method. An introduction to this method follows as the second part of the chapter.

  5. Chapter 4. Wandering Spurs and the MASH DDSM Divider Controller

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    In this chapter, the root cause of the wandering spur phenomenon is elaborated. The analysis starts with simulations that reproduce experimentally observed wandering spur events. These events can be traced back to the commonly-used MASH 1-1-1 divider controller.

  6. Chapter 5. Analysis of MASH 1-1-1-Induced Wandering Spur Patterns in a Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    In this chapter, the analysis of the wandering spur patterns of a MASH 1-1-1-based fractional-N frequency synthesizer is presented. The internal states of a MASH 1-1-1 that cause the wandering spur patterns are first analyzed. Wandering spur patterns can be categorized into three cases based on the input to the MASH 1-1-1 DDSM and the detailed analysis for each case is given. The MASH 2-1 DDSM is also analyzed to illustrate how the analysis method can be applied to other DDSM structures.

  7. Chapter 6. MASH-Based Divider Controllers for Mitigation of Wandering Spurs

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    A DDSM divider controller that has an order greater than one may cause wandering spurs in fractional-N frequency synthesizers. In this chapter, several MASH-based divider controllers for the mitigation of wandering spurs, that both require and do not require additional dither, are presented and analyzed.

  8. Chapter 7. Measurement Results for MASH-Based Wandering Spur Mitigation Solutions

    Dawei Mai, Michael Peter Kennedy
    Abstract
    In this chapter, measurement results for a demonstrator synthesizer with MASH-based wandering spur mitigation solutions are presented. The details of the implemented synthesizer and divider controller structure are presented first. Results for the MASH-based divider controllers in all three cases of wandering spurs are shown and their impacts on the output phase noise performance are compared.

  9. Backmatter

Title
Wandering Spurs in MASH-Based Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers
Authors
Prof. Dawei Mai
Michael Peter Kennedy
Copyright Year
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-91285-7
Print ISBN
978-3-030-91284-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91285-7

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