Wastewater to Water

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

The ever-increasing growth of modern civilization and the consequential pollution load that it puts on the bio-geosphere is alarming (Kovalakova et al., Chemosphere 251, 2020). Rapid urbanization not only has led to the increase in generation of liquid and solid waste from cities and urban communities, however, such urbanization also has considerably depleted the natural water resources. Additionally, intense water usage, to cater to the demands of urbanization, has led to a severe water crisis scenario globally.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 2. Quantity Estimation of Sanitary Sewage and Storm Water

Abstract

In any urban area it is necessary to provide a collection system for the efficient and effective collection of the sewage generated from that locality and convey it to a point where treatment will be given to this collected wastewater to facilitate reuse of it or safe disposal of it either in water body or on land.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 3. Sewer Materials, Shapes, Patterns of Collection System and Appurtenances

Abstract

The shapes used for construction of storm water drains and sanitary sewers are discussed in this chapter. The material properties required for construction of sewer and storm water drains are described and different materials that are commonly used are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the geometrical patterns that are commonly used for the collection system are elaborated in this chapter. Other than sewers the other auxiliary.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 4. Hydraulic Design of Sewerage System

Abstract

Generally, sewers are laid at continuous falling gradient towards the outfall point with circular or any other suitable pipe cross section.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 5. Classification and Quantification of Major Water Pollutants

Abstract

When polluted waste streams are discharged in water bodies, they will add many unwanted ingredients in water and might lead to the increase in concentrations of these constituents beyond acceptable limits for aquatic life or making the water quality unfit for human consumption or even for the recreation.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 6. Fundamentals of Reactor Engineering and Overview of Sewage Treatment

Abstract

The wastewater treatment plant comprises of unit operations and unit processes, where the concept of mass balance, hydraulic regime in the reactor, and reactor engineering are important to ensure the desired efficiency of the pollutant removal. In unit operations, the treatment or removal of the pollutant occurs by the action of the physical forces.

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Chapter 7. Self-purification of Natural Streams

Abstract

Natural streams are vital and irresistible freshwater systems for the sustenance of eco-life on earth. The anthropogenic sources (industries and domestic households) often discharge treated or partially treated effluent (wastewater) into the natural depressions, lakes, fishponds, natural streams, sea or the oceans. Deterioration in the stream water quality and oxygen content occurs due to mixing of wastewater containing low dissolved oxygen, high suspended solids, organic compounds, toxic compounds, etc. The condition of a polluted stream basically relies on the balance between the available and influx oxygen resources and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the organic pollutants present in the wastewater that is being discharged in the river at any time.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 8. Unit Operations and Chemical Unit Processes

Abstract

The expression ‘physico-chemical’ treatment of wastewater is a generic term used for different physical operations as well as chemical processes, which are primarily used for removal of suspended, colloidal, and soluble contaminants, such as grits, suspended organic solids, hardness, heavy metals, etc., from wastewater (Fig. 8.1). The physical treatment deals with the application of physical phenomena, such as gravity settling, adsorption, sieving and screening to remove the intended pollutants from wastewater and thus it is often referred to as ‘unit operation’ as they rely only on physical movement of contaminants without altering their original nature. Screens, primary clarifiers, secondary settling tanks, gravity filters, etc. are some of the commonly used physical unit operations in a typical wastewater treatment plant.

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 9. Fundamentals of Biological Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

The treatment of contaminated water is indispensable to maintain both the biotic and abiotic ecology that supports human life on the earth. However, the discharge of domestic, municipal and industrial effluents containing both organic and inorganic constituents into rivers, ponds and other aquatic environments causes water pollution (Singh et al. in Restoration of wetland ecosystem: A trajectory towards a sustainable environment. Springer, 2020).

Makarand M. Ghangrekar

Chapter 10. Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Systems

Abstract

The biological processes for treatment of wastewater can be classified into aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic systems. An aerobic treatment process takes place in the presence of oxygen, wherein the aerobic microorganisms convert organic matter present in the wastewater into carbon dioxide and new cell biomass. This chapter focuses on different aerobic processes used in wastewater treatment with special emphasis on suspended and attached growth aerobic treatment systems.

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Chapter 11. Hybrid Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Systems

Abstract

Suspended and attached growth aerobic biologic wastewater treatment processes used in practice have been discussed in the previous chapter. To overcome drawback of these systems and to improve reliability of the wastewater treatment further, instead of using either suspended or stationary attached growth process, the reactor can be configured in such a way that it will offer hybrid system.

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Chapter 12. Anaerobic Process for Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Biological wastewater treatment processes in the absence of molecular oxygen, where for the respiratory reaction the terminal electron acceptors are carbon dioxide, organics, nitrates and sulphate or fermentative reduction reactions undergoes are generally referred to as anaerobic processes.

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Chapter 13. Ponds and Wetlands for Treatment of Wastewater

Abstract

Treatment of wastewater through different types of aerobic technologies, such as activated sludge process, sequential batch reactor, aerobic filter, etc., require energy in the form of electricity for aeration, wastewater pumping and sludge or wastewater recycling, etc. These reactors also demand substantial cost for their operation and maintenance. Hence, nature-based technologies are developed for the treatment of wastewater without employing sophisticated machines; thus, these treatment systems can be operated without dependency on electricity and continuous attention is not (or less) required from the operators for these nature-based treatment systems so as to reduce the operational cost.

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Chapter 14. Biological Processes for Nutrient Removal

Abstract

Domestic wastewater typically contains nitrogen and phosphorus in various forms. Nitrogen is usually detected as ammonia, nitrite, nitrate or as combined with organic molecules; whereas, phosphorus is found in either organic form (attached with carbon-based molecules) or inorganic form in dissolved or suspended state. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in domestic wastewater is generally in a range of 10–50 mg of N/L as total nitrogen and 5–15 mg of P/L as total phosphorus, respectively.

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Chapter 15. Sludge Management

Abstract

Wastewater treatment operations and processes are primarily aimed at the removal of impurities from the bulk liquid. These impurities, when concentrated into solid form are referred to as residue or sludge, which includes organic and inorganic solids, algae, bacteria, virus, colloids and chemicals used for precipitating dissolved salts along with ionic species present in wastewater.

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Chapter 16. Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Systems

Abstract

Tertiary wastewater treatments are follow-up treatments after secondary processes. Although easily biodegradable organic compounds, nutrients and suspended solids are removed from wastewater in primary and secondary treatments, the additional treatments are required for elimination of colloids, turbidity, and other dissolved ions, pathogens, and other contaminants including complex refractory organic matters.

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Chapter 17. Advanced Oxidation Processes

Abstract

In the recent decades, the growing population and changes in the human lifestyle has led to the increase in the concentration of trace organic chemicals.

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Chapter 18. Disinfection of Wastewater

Abstract

Domestic wastewater contains pathogens and microorganisms of virulence, which are detrimental to the human health. A report by the world health organisation suggests that globally, at least two billion people use water contaminated with faecal matter for potable purpose (Fact sheet, WHO). Water borne diseases, such as cholera, diarrhoea, amoebic dysentery, are epidemic menaces that have lurched in different parts of the world till the last decade. Even today, in under developed countries, a major fraction of population is deprived of safe and pathogen free water.

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Chapter 19. Onsite Sanitation Systems

Abstract

Adequate management of sanitation facilities and offering sustainable solution for sanitary wastewater management is a serious challenge in developing countries. Many rural and urban areas in developing countries are lacking sustainable sanitation infrastructure.

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Chapter 20. Emerging Technologies for Treatment of Wastewaters

Abstract

Bio-electrochemical processes (BEPs) are innovative and emerging group of processes that not only treat wastewaters but also produce valuable by-products.

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Chapter 21. Life Cycle Costing of Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Estimating cost of any engineering project is of paramount importance from the stakeholder’s perspective.

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Backmatter