Water Consumption of Concrete Production in Panama

Water is the most precious resource in the world. It is fundamental for basic human needs, economic growth, and sustainable development. Unlike carbon-related impacts, water-related impacts are local. Therefore, local water inventories are needed. In this study, the water consumption per cubic meter of concrete produced in Panama is estimated based on primary data from the industry. The technological routes for concrete production in Panama are described with a focus on water use based on 20 technical visits. The specific water consumption (L/m³) during 2022 is estimated for 11 concrete plants. Different concrete production practices, such as covering the aggregates, spraying the aggregates with water, and using cold water and ice for temperature control of the concrete mix, were observed. Most of the water use comes from the public water network and groundwater. However, in some cases, harvested rainwater and recycled water are implemented as water sources. The preliminary results show that the water consumption ranges from 189.88 to 641.84 L/m³. Through rainwater harvesting, water recycling, and covering of the aggregates, the water consumption from the public network and groundwater is reduced, which, in turn, decreases energy consumption, especially for groundwater extraction. This is an example of the water–energy nexus that could contribute to the carbon footprint. On the other hand, the aggregate spray process could increase water consumption, even more so when aggregates are not indoors and when sprinkling is not controlled. Furthermore, a standard water accounting methodology should be implemented to help achieve water-reduction strategies.