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Published in:
2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
Water Injection for Gasoline Engines - Quo Vadis?
Authors : Ingo Hermann, Claus Glahn, Matthias Kluin, Martin Paroll, Werner Gumprich
Published in: Knocking in Gasoline Engines
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
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Abstract
Development on gasoline engines for 2025 and beyond is driven both by enhanced electrification as well as by cost optimized measures for improved engine efficiency. Besides Miller combustion process, cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and variable compression ratio, water injection represents one of the relevant technologies. Water injection potential within gasoline engines will be evaluated within this paper.
Basically, the cooling effect of evaporating the injected water can mitigate knocking. This will result in earlier combustion phasing, in less fuel enrichment for component protection and thereby in higher thermodynamic efficiency. Water injection will be systematically investigated on a 1.6 l turbocharged engine for three different concepts: Intake manifold/plenum injection, inlet port injection and the direct injection of a premixed fuel/water emulsion. Complexity and water efficiency are compared with each other for all systems.
Regarding the application strategy, both an efficiency as well as a performance approach are considered. For the efficiency variant, fuel saving potentials will be optimized by increasing the geometric compression ratio. For the performance variant, the increase of stoichiometric power at constant compression ratio/part load consumption will be in focus of the studies.
Understanding the effects of water injection on the working process of the combustion engine is assisted by 3-D-CFD modelling of water distribution to cylinders, mixture formation, evaporation and thermal efficiency. This will be supported by in-situ video records about the water-to-air mixture formation as well as for the injection and evaporation during inlet stroke.
Based on all generated knowledge, the potential of water injection for future combustion engines will be analyzed and pros and cons for the different injection concepts are evaluated. An outlook will be provided.