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2020 | Book

Wearable Interaction

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About this book

This book offers the reader a comprehensive view of the design space of wearable computers, cutting across multiple application domains and interaction modalities. Besides providing several examples of wearable technologies, Wearable Interaction illustrates how to create and to assess interactive wearables considering human factors in design decisions related to input entry and output responses. The book also discusses the impacts of form factors and contexts of use in the design of wearable interaction. Miniaturized components, flexible materials, and sewable electronics toolkits exemplify advances in technology that facilitated the design and development of wearable technologies.

Despite such advances, creating wearable interfaces that are efficient is still challenging. The new affordances of on-body interfaces require the consideration of new interaction paradigms, so that the design decisions for the user interaction take into account key limitations in the interaction surfaces of wearables concerning input entry, processing power for output responses, and in the time and attention that wearers dedicate to complete their interaction. Under such constraints, creating interfaces with high usability levels is complex. Also, because wearables are worn continuously and in close contact with the human body, on-body interfaces must be carefully designed to neither disturb nor overwhelm wearers. The context of use and the potential of wearable technologies must be both well understood to provide users with relevant information and services using appropriate approaches and without overloading them with notifications.

Wearable Interaction explains thoroughly how interactive wearables have been created taking into account the needs of end users as well as the vast potential that wearable technologies offer. Readers from academia, industry or government will learn how wearables can be designed and developed to facilitate human activities and tasks across different sectors.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Wearable Computers
Abstract
This chapter introduces wearable computing, beginning with fundamental concepts and definitions about wearable technologies. Then, it provides a historic view of the field, describing how wearable technologies evolved since 1970 throughout the past decades. To illustrate several different examples of wearable devices, a variety of form factors are presented, ranging from wrist-worn wearables and head-mounted displays to smart garments. This chapter also describes wearable sensors used to collect inward data from users, such as physiological signals, as well as environmental clues from the users’ surroundings, such as temperature, light levels, and humidity. The main features of wearable technologies are characterized, concerning data collection, processing, and delivery of information, services, and resources for end users. The last part of the chapter concludes with an extensive list of examples of application domains in which wearables have been successfully employed thus far. Specifically, the examples describe wearable applications implemented to support human activities in education, health care, industry, fitness and sports, assistive technologies, music, leisure, arts and entertainment, safety critical systems and the military, and user interaction.
Vivian Genaro Motti
Chapter 2. Design Considerations
Abstract
This chapter begins with the goals and objectives of wearable  technologies, describing the different disciplines that contribute to constitute and advance wearable computing. This chapter includes also multiple dimensions that must be considered in the design, development, and evaluation of wearable technologies. Concerning hardware  aspects, six implementation layers are defined and illustrated with examples from the literature. Concerning software  aspects, systems, and applications, this chapter provides the objectives, features, and functionalities implemented with wearable computers. Concerning network and connectivity, this chapter provides examples of protocols and approaches for physical and virtual connections that enable data sharing and device synchronization. Additional topics discussed in the chapter include energy requirements and considerations for wearables, contexts of use where wearers interact with their devices, and common tasks they execute, emphasizing the advantages of wearable computers to support activities of daily living. This chapter highlights the diversity of users who benefit from wearables and the inherent trade-offs that emerge when universal design and customization must be considered altogether to ensure acceptability among diverse users’ profiles. The chapter ends with an in-depth discussion of the main challenges faced by users when interacting with a wearable technology and by stakeholders when creating those technologies during the implementation phases. The main challenges highlighted cut across six different concerns: usability and wearability, implementation, power, network  and sensors, safety, and privacy aspects.
Vivian Genaro Motti
Chapter 3. Wearable Interaction
Abstract
This chapter describes multimodal interfaces and interactive solutions for input entry and output responses for wearable technologies. Focusing on the design of wearable interaction for different form factors, this chapter discusses the suitability, benefits, and drawbacks of each modality. Multimodal interfaces are presented, from popular head-mounted displays and wrist-worn wearables, to customized smart textiles and alternative form factors. This chapter describes the interaction design process, covering five interaction modalities and highlighting their benefits and drawbacks for the user interaction depending on the user context, application domain, and form factor. The multiple modalities discussed are graphics, tactile, gesture, audio (voice-based interaction), and brain–computer interfaces. This chapter provides examples of user interaction with illustrations of wrist-worn devices, head-mounted devices, smart clothes, and alternative form factors, such as back-mounted devices and chest-mounted devices.
Vivian Genaro Motti
Chapter 4. Design Guidelines and Evaluation
Abstract
This chapter focuses on quality factors, design principles, and guidelines that must be taken into account when stakeholders are creating or evaluating wearable solutions. The patterns and interaction paradigms described were extracted from the scientific literature and industrial domains as well. By explaining what approaches can be employed to evaluate wearable technologies, using different methods for data collection and different criteria for assessment, this chapter provides readers with a comprehensive list of design principles that can inform decisions from designers, developers, and investigators when creating novel wearable technologies or evaluating existing ones. While some of the design principles are targeted at industry experts, others focus on scientific research. Concerning evaluation, this chapter also provides readers with examples of scales, questionnaires, metrics, and questions that can be employed when assessing technology to better understand the user perspective and experience when interacting with a device. Theoretical definitions as well as illustrative examples are presented. This chapter concludes with design challenges and considerations that must be taken into account during the interaction design and evaluation.
Vivian Genaro Motti
Chapter 5. Future Trends in Wearable Computing
Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by presenting a critical view about novel interfaces for wearable technologies, focusing on the miniaturization of devices as well as on-body interfaces that employ multiple modalities. The examples of technology presented include electronic tattoos and implanted devices that are seamlessly connected to the users’ body to facilitate data collection and user interaction.
Vivian Genaro Motti
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Wearable Interaction
Author
Vivian Genaro Motti
Copyright Year
2020
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-27111-4
Print ISBN
978-3-030-27110-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27111-4