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Published in:
Evolution of the Global Automobile Industry Read chapter Read first chapter

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Where Do Brazil, India, and China Stand?

Author : Ashish Bharadwaj

Published in: Environmental Regulations and Innovation in Advanced Automobile Technologies

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

This chapter explores the technical aspects of green technologies that are being developed to mitigate the challenges posed by vehicular pollution and fuel consumption. The use of standardized International Patent Classification (IPC) system of technologies is described to get a better understanding of the underlying green technologies. This is followed by an exercise that matches pollutants targeted in the regulations with selected patent-technology classes to develop a composite regulatory stringency index for Germany, India, Brazil, and China. The construction of a regulatory stringency index for each country builds on the information gathered in the fieldwork where interactions with technicians, industry representatives, government officials, and academicians were held.

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previous chapter Role of State and Regulatory Instruments
next chapter Insights from the World of Patents
Footnotes
1
The European Council initiated work in IPC in 1956, which resulted in the first edition of the system coming into force in 1968. Currently, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) maintains and administers the IPC system based on the 1971 Strasbourg Agreement. More than 100 countries, including more than 120 PCT members, apply this system. This study is based on the eighth edition of the system, IPC-8, which was introduced in 2006.
 
2
Several regulations such as sound limit, criteria for wheels, and braking systems are not taken into account because they do not directly affect emission control technologies. Experts were consulted to understand the linkages between specific technologies and specific pollutants the emission regulations seek to control.
 
3
In addition, the test measurement on chassis dynamometer in Europe requires a weight load of 100 kg in another wise unloaded car. In India, the equivalent norms mandate a weight load of 150 kg to achieve the desired inertia weight because of differing road conditions.
 
Literature
DOE. (2011). Linkages from DOEs vehicle technologies R&D in advanced combustion to more efficient, cleaner burning engines by R. Ruegg and P. Thomas, US Department of Energy, June 2009.
IEA. (2012). Technology forcing standards for energy efficiency, efficient electrical end-use equipment (4E), IEA Energy Transport Network, June 2012, Oxford.
Miller, P., & Solomon, M. (2009). A brief history of technology forcing motor vehicle regulations air and waste management association. June 2009 Issue.
Nentjes, A., de Vries, F. P., & Wiersma, D. (2007). Technology forcing through environmental regulation. European Journal of Political Economy, 23, 903916.CrossRef
OECD. (2004). Can cars come clean? Strategies for low-emission vehicles. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2009a). Responding to the economic crisis: Fostering industrial restructuring and renewal. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2009b). Effects of environmental policy on the type of innovation: The case of automotive emission-control technologies In I. Hascic, F. de Vries, N. Johnstone & N. Medhi (Eds.), OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Vol 2009.
Pace, L., & Presti, M. (2010). Changing the substrate technology to meet future emission limits. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 3(2), 395–403.CrossRef
Pace, L., & Presti, M. (2011). An alternative way to reduce fuel consumption during cold start: The electrically heated catalyst. SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0178.
Metadata
Title
Where Do Brazil, India, and China Stand?
Author
Ashish Bharadwaj
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Environmental Regulations and Innovation in Advanced Automobile Technologies

Print ISBN: 978-981-10-6951-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-6952-9

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6952-9_5