20. Who Was the Inventor of the Computer?

The chapter “Who was the inventor of the computer” begins with the explanation of terms such as algorithm, compiler, computer, Turing machine, universal computer, self-modifying program, stored program, and von Neumann computer. A number of matters of dispute are also addressed: Who invented the von Neumann computer and the compiler when and where? Who were the originators of the stored program and automatic programming? How great was Turing’s influence on the construction of computers? Was Ada Lovelace actually the first programmer? Which were the most important early publications on computer construction and programming? Which computer pioneers were behind these achievements? The computer had numerous creators in several countries and also many forerunners. There were naturally also setbacks with the construction of computers. Some ascribe great meaning to priority, e.g., in relation to the stored program computer. Early relay and vacuum tube computers in Europe and the USA are summarized along with their follow-on machines. Automatic computers influencing future developments are discussed and the first commercially produced computers introduced. Emerging European and US transistor computers are also treated. A chronological table gives information about early mechanical and electronic digital computers from the USA, Australia and Europe. The chapter concludes with a list of selected anniversaries relating to the history of computing.