Skip to main content
Top

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Why Read Informality in a Substantivist Manner? On the Embeddedness of the Soviet Second Economy

Author : Lela Rekhviashvili

Published in: The Informal Economy in Global Perspective

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Existing literature tends to see informality in Soviet times as a rational response to deficient socialist institutions. In contrast, informality in post-socialist times is explained by the stickiness of culturally embedded norms. This chapter examines the reasons and implications for these inconsistent interpretations of Soviet and post-Soviet informality using the example of Georgia. It suggests that two influential schools of thought on post-Soviet informality, new institutionalist economics and economic sociology, both fail to overcome this theoretical inconsistency. The chapter then elaborates how a Polanyian substantivist approach can overcome identified theoretical pitfalls and establish continuity in interpreting socialist and post-socialist informality. The importance of recalling this seemingly forgotten substantivist approach is illustrated using the changing institutional context and reproduction of informality in the Georgian case.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Abdih, M. Y., & Medina, L. (2013). Measuring the informal economy in the caucasus and central Asia (IMF Working paper no. 13/137). International Monetary Fund. Abdih, M. Y., & Medina, L. (2013). Measuring the informal economy in the caucasus and central Asia (IMF Working paper no. 13/137). International Monetary Fund.
go back to reference Aliyev, H. (2014). The effects of the saakashvili era reforms on informal practices in the republic of Georgia. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 6. Aliyev, H. (2014). The effects of the saakashvili era reforms on informal practices in the republic of Georgia. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 6.
go back to reference Bagnardi, F. (2015). The changing pattern of social dialogue in Europe and the influence of ILO and EU: Georgian tripartism. CSSR 2. Bagnardi, F. (2015). The changing pattern of social dialogue in Europe and the influence of ILO and EU: Georgian tripartism. CSSR 2.
go back to reference Baumann, E. (2010). Post-soviet Georgia: The rocky path towards modern social protection. Presented at the social policy and the global crisis, the network for European social policy analysis ESPANET, Budapest, 1–21. Baumann, E. (2010). Post-soviet Georgia: The rocky path towards modern social protection. Presented at the social policy and the global crisis, the network for European social policy analysis ESPANET, Budapest, 1–21.
go back to reference Becker, K. F. (2004). The informal economy (fact finding study no. SIDA3630en). Sida department for infrastructure and economic co-operation. Becker, K. F. (2004). The informal economy (fact finding study no. SIDA3630en). Sida department for infrastructure and economic co-operation.
go back to reference Beckert, J. (2007). The great transformation of embeddedness – Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology (MPIfG Discussion paper no. 1/07). Max Planck institute for the study of societies. Beckert, J. (2007). The great transformation of embeddedness – Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology (MPIfG Discussion paper no. 1/07). Max Planck institute for the study of societies.
go back to reference Bohannan, P., & Dalton, G. (Eds.). (1965). Markets in Africa, Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) African studies. Garden City: Doubleday & Co. Bohannan, P., & Dalton, G. (Eds.). (1965). Markets in Africa, Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) African studies. Garden City: Doubleday & Co.
go back to reference Bohle, D., & Greskovits, B. (2012). Capitalist diversity on Europe’s periphery, Cornell studies in political economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Bohle, D., & Greskovits, B. (2012). Capitalist diversity on Europe’s periphery, Cornell studies in political economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
go back to reference Burawoy, M. (1999). The great involution: Russia’s response to the market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Burawoy, M. (1999). The great involution: Russia’s response to the market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Dalton, G. (1968). Introduction, in: Primitive, archaic, and modern economies: Essays of KarlPolanyi. Garden City: Doubleday, p. ix–xlvi. Dalton, G. (1968). Introduction, in: Primitive, archaic, and modern economies: Essays of KarlPolanyi. Garden City: Doubleday, p. ix–xlvi.
go back to reference De Soto, H. (1989). The other path: The invisible revolution in the third world (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. De Soto, H. (1989). The other path: The invisible revolution in the third world (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
go back to reference De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books. De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Engvall, J. (2012). Against the grain: How Georgia fought corruption and what it means, silk road paper. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road studies program. Engvall, J. (2012). Against the grain: How Georgia fought corruption and what it means, silk road paper. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road studies program.
go back to reference Frederiksen, M. D. (2013). Good hearts or big bellies: Dzmak’atsoba and images of masculinity in the republic of Georgia. In V. Amit & N. Dyck (Eds.), Young men in uncertain times (pp. 165–187). New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books. Frederiksen, M. D. (2013). Good hearts or big bellies: Dzmak’atsoba and images of masculinity in the republic of Georgia. In V. Amit & N. Dyck (Eds.), Young men in uncertain times (pp. 165–187). New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books.
go back to reference Graeber, D. (2011). Debt: the first 5,000 years. Brooklyn: Melville House. Graeber, D. (2011). Debt: the first 5,000 years. Brooklyn: Melville House.
go back to reference Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.CrossRef Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.CrossRef
go back to reference Granovetter, M., & Swedberg, R. (Eds.). (1992). The sociology of economic life. Boulder: Westview Press. Granovetter, M., & Swedberg, R. (Eds.). (1992). The sociology of economic life. Boulder: Westview Press.
go back to reference Gudeman, S. (2009). Necessity or contingency: Mutuality and market. In C. M. Hann & K. Hart (Eds.), Market and society: The great transformation today (pp. 17–37). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Gudeman, S. (2009). Necessity or contingency: Mutuality and market. In C. M. Hann & K. Hart (Eds.), Market and society: The great transformation today (pp. 17–37). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Gugushvili, D. (2014). Do the benefits of growth trickle-down to Georgia’s poor? A case for a strong welfare system (PhD in Social Policy). Kent, United Kingdom, University of Kent. Gugushvili, D. (2014). Do the benefits of growth trickle-down to Georgia’s poor? A case for a strong welfare system (PhD in Social Policy). Kent, United Kingdom, University of Kent.
go back to reference Guha-Khasnobis, B., Kanbur, R., & Ostrom, E. (2006). Beyond formality and informality. In B. Guha-Khasnobis, R. Kanbur, & E. Ostrom (Eds.), Linking the formal and informal economy (pp. 1–29). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Guha-Khasnobis, B., Kanbur, R., & Ostrom, E. (2006). Beyond formality and informality. In B. Guha-Khasnobis, R. Kanbur, & E. Ostrom (Eds.), Linking the formal and informal economy (pp. 1–29). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Haldar, A., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2013). Analyzing legal formality and informality: Lessons from land titling and microfinance programs1. In D. Kennedy & J. E. Stiglitz (Eds.), Law and economics with Chinese characteristics (pp. 112–148). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Haldar, A., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2013). Analyzing legal formality and informality: Lessons from land titling and microfinance programs1. In D. Kennedy & J. E. Stiglitz (Eds.), Law and economics with Chinese characteristics (pp. 112–148). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Hann, C. M., & Hart, K. (Eds.). (2009). Market and society: The great transformation today. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. Hann, C. M., & Hart, K. (Eds.). (2009). Market and society: The great transformation today. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Herskovits, M. J. (1952). Economic anthropology: A study in comparative economics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Herskovits, M. J. (1952). Economic anthropology: A study in comparative economics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
go back to reference Huntington, S. P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. Huntington, S. P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Johnson, S., Kaufman, D., & Shleifer, A. (1997). The unofficial economy in transition. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 28, 159–240.CrossRef Johnson, S., Kaufman, D., & Shleifer, A. (1997). The unofficial economy in transition. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 28, 159–240.CrossRef
go back to reference Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory discretion and the unofficial economy. American Economic Review, 88, 387–392. Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory discretion and the unofficial economy. American Economic Review, 88, 387–392.
go back to reference Karjanen, D. (2014). When is an illicit taxi driver more than a taxi driver? Case studies from transit and trucking in post-socialist Slovakia. In J. Morris & A. Polese (Eds.), The informal post-socialist economy: Embedded practices and livelihoods (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series) (pp. 102–118). New York: Routledge. Karjanen, D. (2014). When is an illicit taxi driver more than a taxi driver? Case studies from transit and trucking in post-socialist Slovakia. In J. Morris & A. Polese (Eds.), The informal post-socialist economy: Embedded practices and livelihoods (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series) (pp. 102–118). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Khutsishvili, K. (2012). Bazaar culture in Georgia: Case of Tbilisi. In M. Krebs & M. Pilz (Eds.), Die Postsowjetische Stadt: Urbane Aushandlungsprozesse Im Südkaukasus (pp. 41–52). Berlin: Panama Verlag. Khutsishvili, K. (2012). Bazaar culture in Georgia: Case of Tbilisi. In M. Krebs & M. Pilz (Eds.), Die Postsowjetische Stadt: Urbane Aushandlungsprozesse Im Südkaukasus (pp. 41–52). Berlin: Panama Verlag.
go back to reference Kornai, J. (1992). The socialist system: The political economy of communism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRef Kornai, J. (1992). The socialist system: The political economy of communism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Ledeneva, A. (1998). Russia’s economy of favours: Blat, networking, and informal exchanges, Cambridge Russian, soviet and post-soviet studies. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ledeneva, A. (1998). Russia’s economy of favours: Blat, networking, and informal exchanges, Cambridge Russian, soviet and post-soviet studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Ledeneva, A. (2009). From Russia with “blat”: Can informal networks help modernize Russia? Social Research, 76, 257–288. Ledeneva, A. (2009). From Russia with “blat”: Can informal networks help modernize Russia? Social Research, 76, 257–288.
go back to reference Loayza, N. (1999). The economics of the informal sector: A simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America (Policy research working papers), The World Bank. Loayza, N. (1999). The economics of the informal sector: A simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America (Policy research working papers), The World Bank.
go back to reference Machado, N. M. C. (2011). Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology: Notes on the concept of (dis)embeddedness. RCCS Annual Review. A selection from the Portuguese journal Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. Machado, N. M. C. (2011). Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology: Notes on the concept of (dis)embeddedness. RCCS Annual Review. A selection from the Portuguese journal Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais.
go back to reference Mars, G., & Altman, Y. (1983). The cultural bases of soviet Georgia’s second economy. Soviet Studies, 35, 546–560.CrossRef Mars, G., & Altman, Y. (1983). The cultural bases of soviet Georgia’s second economy. Soviet Studies, 35, 546–560.CrossRef
go back to reference Morris, J., & Polese, A. (Eds.). (2014a). The informal post-socialist economy: Embedded practices and livelihoods (Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series). New York: Routledge. Morris, J., & Polese, A. (Eds.). (2014a). The informal post-socialist economy: Embedded practices and livelihoods (Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Morris, J., & Polese, A. (2014b). Informal health and education sector payments in Russian and Ukrainian cities: Structuring welfare from below. European Urban and Regional Studies. doi:10.1177/0969776414522081. Morris, J., & Polese, A. (2014b). Informal health and education sector payments in Russian and Ukrainian cities: Structuring welfare from below. European Urban and Regional Studies. doi:10.​1177/​0969776414522081​.
go back to reference Morris, J., & Polese, A. (Eds.). (2015). Informal economies in post-socialist spaces: Practices, institutions and networks. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Morris, J., & Polese, A. (Eds.). (2015). Informal economies in post-socialist spaces: Practices, institutions and networks. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Muskhelishvili, M. (2011). Social dialogue in Georgia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Tbilisi. Muskhelishvili, M. (2011). Social dialogue in Georgia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Tbilisi.
go back to reference Muskhelishvili, M., & Jorjoliani, G. (2009). Georgia’s ongoing struggle for a better future continued: Democracy promotion through civil society development. Democratization, 16, 682–708. doi:10.1080/13510340903083000.CrossRef Muskhelishvili, M., & Jorjoliani, G. (2009). Georgia’s ongoing struggle for a better future continued: Democracy promotion through civil society development. Democratization, 16, 682–708. doi:10.​1080/​1351034090308300​0.CrossRef
go back to reference Nasritdinov, E., Rayapova, R., Kholmatova, N., Damirbek kyzy, E., & Igoshina, N. (2010). Informal economy and social vulnerability in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Social Research Center at American University of Central Asia and HelpAge International, Bishkek. Nasritdinov, E., Rayapova, R., Kholmatova, N., Damirbek kyzy, E., & Igoshina, N. (2010). Informal economy and social vulnerability in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Social Research Center at American University of Central Asia and HelpAge International, Bishkek.
go back to reference North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history (1st ed.). New York: Norton. North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history (1st ed.). New York: Norton.
go back to reference North, D. C. (1995). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance, The Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. North, D. C. (1995). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance, The Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Piculescu, V., & Hibbs, J. (2005). Institutions, corruption and tax evasion in the unofficial economy (Report). Piculescu, V., & Hibbs, J. (2005). Institutions, corruption and tax evasion in the unofficial economy (Report).
go back to reference Polanyi, K. (1957). The great transformation, Beacon paperbacks. Boston: Beacon Press. Polanyi, K. (1957). The great transformation, Beacon paperbacks. Boston: Beacon Press.
go back to reference Polanyi, K. (1968). Primitive, archaic, and modern economies: Essays of KarlPolanyi. Garden City: Doubleday. Polanyi, K. (1968). Primitive, archaic, and modern economies: Essays of KarlPolanyi. Garden City: Doubleday.
go back to reference Polese, A. (2014). Drinking with Vova: An individual entrepreneur between illegality and informality. In J. Morris & A. Polese (Eds.), The informal post-socialist economy: Embedded practices and livelihoods (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series) (pp. 85–101). New York: Routledge. Polese, A. (2014). Drinking with Vova: An individual entrepreneur between illegality and informality. In J. Morris & A. Polese (Eds.), The informal post-socialist economy: Embedded practices and livelihoods (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series) (pp. 85–101). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Polese, A., Morris, J., Kovács, B., & Harboe, I. (2014). “Welfare states” and social policies in Eastern Europe and the former USSR: Where informality fits in? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 22, 184–198. doi:10.1080/14782804.2014.902368. CrossRef Polese, A., Morris, J., Kovács, B., & Harboe, I. (2014). “Welfare states” and social policies in Eastern Europe and the former USSR: Where informality fits in? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 22, 184–198. doi:10.​1080/​14782804.​2014.​902368.​ CrossRef
go back to reference Rekhviashvili, L. (2013). Development and the role of the state: Visions of post-revolutionary Georgian government. Caucasus Social Science Review, 1, 1–20. Rekhviashvili, L. (2013). Development and the role of the state: Visions of post-revolutionary Georgian government. Caucasus Social Science Review, 1, 1–20.
go back to reference Rodrik, D. (2004). Institutions and economic performance – getting institutions right (CESifo DICE report 2), p. 10–15. Rodrik, D. (2004). Institutions and economic performancegetting institutions right (CESifo DICE report 2), p. 10–15.
go back to reference Rose, R. (1998). Getting things done in an anti-modern society: Social capital networks in Russia (Working paper no. 6). Social Capital Initiative. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Rose, R. (1998). Getting things done in an anti-modern society: Social capital networks in Russia (Working paper no. 6). Social Capital Initiative. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
go back to reference Roti, M. (2014). Spheres of semi-legality: Discourse, media and informal economic practices in St. Petersburg, Russia (2000–Present). WSU Dissertations, Wayne State University Dissertations – Digital Commons. Roti, M. (2014). Spheres of semi-legality: Discourse, media and informal economic practices in St. Petersburg, Russia (2000–Present). WSU Dissertations, Wayne State University Dissertations – Digital Commons.
go back to reference Rudaz. (2012). Entrepreneurship in Georgia. The Caucasus Analytical Digest, 45, 2–6. Rudaz. (2012). Entrepreneurship in Georgia. The Caucasus Analytical Digest, 45, 2–6.
go back to reference Schneider, F., Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). Shadow economies all over the world: New estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007 (Policy research working paper series no. 5356). The World Bank. Schneider, F., Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). Shadow economies all over the world: New estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007 (Policy research working paper series no. 5356). The World Bank.
go back to reference Sokoloff, K. L. (2000). History lessons: Institutions, factor endowments, and paths of development in the new world [WWW document]. Sokoloff, K. L. (2000). History lessons: Institutions, factor endowments, and paths of development in the new world [WWW document].
go back to reference Stenning, A., Smith, A., Rochovská, A., & Świątek, D. (2010). Domesticating neo-liberalism: Spaces of economic practice and social reproduction in post-socialist cities (1st ed.). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRef Stenning, A., Smith, A., Rochovská, A., & Świątek, D. (2010). Domesticating neo-liberalism: Spaces of economic practice and social reproduction in post-socialist cities (1st ed.). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRef
go back to reference Streeck, W. (2011). Taking capitalism seriously: Towards an institutionalist approach to contemporary political economy [WWW document]. Streeck, W. (2011). Taking capitalism seriously: Towards an institutionalist approach to contemporary political economy [WWW document].
go back to reference The World Bank. (2012). Fighting corruption in public services, directions in development – general. The World Bank. The World Bank. (2012). Fighting corruption in public services, directions in developmentgeneral. The World Bank.
go back to reference Verdery, K. (1999). Fuzzy property: Rights, power, and identity in Transylvania’s decollectivization. In M. Burawoy & K. Verdery (Eds.), Uncertain transition: Ethnographies of change in the postsocialist world (pp. 53–82). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Verdery, K. (1999). Fuzzy property: Rights, power, and identity in Transylvania’s decollectivization. In M. Burawoy & K. Verdery (Eds.), Uncertain transition: Ethnographies of change in the postsocialist world (pp. 53–82). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
go back to reference Williams, C. (2005). Unraveling the meanings of underground work. Review of Social Economy, 63, 1–18.CrossRef Williams, C. (2005). Unraveling the meanings of underground work. Review of Social Economy, 63, 1–18.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Why Read Informality in a Substantivist Manner? On the Embeddedness of the Soviet Second Economy
Author
Lela Rekhviashvili
Copyright Year
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40931-3_2