Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Business Ethics 2/2015

01-06-2015

Women on the Board and Managers’ Pay: Evidence from Spain

Authors: Maria Encarnación Lucas-Pérez, Antonio Mínguez-Vera, Juan Samuel Baixauli-Soler, Juan Francisco Martín-Ugedo, Gregorio Sánchez-Marín

Published in: Journal of Business Ethics | Issue 2/2015

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The current literature shows great interest in the issue of gender diversity on boards of directors. Some studies have hypothesized a direct relationship between diversity and the value of the firm, but not many examine the intermediate mechanisms that may exert an influence on such relationships. We employ two stages of GMM estimation methodology to exhibit evidences of the relationship between gender diversity and compensation of top managers in the Spanish context. Results show that gender diversity positively affects the effectiveness of boards—in terms of composition, structure, size and functioning—influencing a proper design of top managers compensation linked to company performance. Evidences suggest that legislative actions aimed at increasing the presence of women on boards of directors are justified not only for ethical reasons, but also for reasons of economic efficiency.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Adams, R. B., Almeida, H. & Ferreira, D. B. (2002). Diversity and incentives in teams: Evidence for corporate boards. Dissertation, University of Chicago, IL. Adams, R. B., Almeida, H. & Ferreira, D. B. (2002). Diversity and incentives in teams: Evidence for corporate boards. Dissertation, University of Chicago, IL.
go back to reference Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. B. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94, 291–309.CrossRef Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. B. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94, 291–309.CrossRef
go back to reference Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277–297.CrossRef Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277–297.CrossRef
go back to reference Bear, S., Rahman, N., & Post, C. (2010). The impact of board diversity and gender composition on corporate social responsibility and firm reputation. Journal of Business Ethics, 97, 207–221.CrossRef Bear, S., Rahman, N., & Post, C. (2010). The impact of board diversity and gender composition on corporate social responsibility and firm reputation. Journal of Business Ethics, 97, 207–221.CrossRef
go back to reference Becker, G. (1964). Human capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Becker, G. (1964). Human capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Beckman, C. M., & Haunschild, P. R. (2002). Network learning: The effects of partners’ heterogeneity of experience on corporate acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 92–124.CrossRef Beckman, C. M., & Haunschild, P. R. (2002). Network learning: The effects of partners’ heterogeneity of experience on corporate acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 92–124.CrossRef
go back to reference Boyd, B. K. (1995). CEO duality and firm performance: A contingency model. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 301–312.CrossRef Boyd, B. K. (1995). CEO duality and firm performance: A contingency model. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 301–312.CrossRef
go back to reference Burges, Z., & Tharenou, P. (2002). Women board directors: Characteristics of the few. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 39–49.CrossRef Burges, Z., & Tharenou, P. (2002). Women board directors: Characteristics of the few. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 39–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Campbell, K., & Minguez-Vera, A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 435–451.CrossRef Campbell, K., & Minguez-Vera, A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 435–451.CrossRef
go back to reference Carter, D. A., D’Souza, F. P., Simkins, B. J., & Simpson, W. G. (2010). The gender and the ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18, 396–414.CrossRef Carter, D. A., D’Souza, F. P., Simkins, B. J., & Simpson, W. G. (2010). The gender and the ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18, 396–414.CrossRef
go back to reference Carter, D. A., Simkins, B. J., & Simpson, W. G. (2003). Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. The Financial Review, 38(1), 33–53.CrossRef Carter, D. A., Simkins, B. J., & Simpson, W. G. (2003). Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. The Financial Review, 38(1), 33–53.CrossRef
go back to reference Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24, 8–29. Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24, 8–29.
go back to reference Código Unificado de Buen Gobierno. (2006). Informe del grupo especial de trabajo sobre el buen gobierno de las sociedades cotizadas. Madrid: Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV). Código Unificado de Buen Gobierno. (2006). Informe del grupo especial de trabajo sobre el buen gobierno de las sociedades cotizadas. Madrid: Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV).
go back to reference Conger, J. A., Finegold, D., & Lawler, E. E. (1998). Appraising boardroom performance. Harvard Business Review, 76, 136–148. Conger, J. A., Finegold, D., & Lawler, E. E. (1998). Appraising boardroom performance. Harvard Business Review, 76, 136–148.
go back to reference Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 146–151.CrossRef Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 146–151.CrossRef
go back to reference Core, J. E., Holthausen, R. W., & Larcker, D. F. (1999). Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 51, 371–406.CrossRef Core, J. E., Holthausen, R. W., & Larcker, D. F. (1999). Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 51, 371–406.CrossRef
go back to reference Daily, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2003). Women in the boardroom: A business imperative. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(5), 8–9.CrossRef Daily, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2003). Women in the boardroom: A business imperative. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(5), 8–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Dalton, D. R., & Dalton, C. M. (2011). Integration of micro and macro studies in governance research: CEO duality, board composition, and financial performance. Journal of Management, 37(2), 404–411.CrossRef Dalton, D. R., & Dalton, C. M. (2011). Integration of micro and macro studies in governance research: CEO duality, board composition, and financial performance. Journal of Management, 37(2), 404–411.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569–591.CrossRef Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569–591.CrossRef
go back to reference Fama, E. F. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. The Journal of Political Economy, 88(2), 288–307.CrossRef Fama, E. F. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. The Journal of Political Economy, 88(2), 288–307.CrossRef
go back to reference Farrell, K., & Hersch, P. (2005). Additions to corporate boards: The effect of gender. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11, 85–106.CrossRef Farrell, K., & Hersch, P. (2005). Additions to corporate boards: The effect of gender. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11, 85–106.CrossRef
go back to reference Fontrodona, J., & Sison, A. J. G. (2006). The nature of the firm, agency theory and shareholder theory: A critique from philosophical anthropology. Journal of Business Ethics, 66, 33–42.CrossRef Fontrodona, J., & Sison, A. J. G. (2006). The nature of the firm, agency theory and shareholder theory: A critique from philosophical anthropology. Journal of Business Ethics, 66, 33–42.CrossRef
go back to reference Forbes, D. P., & Milliken, F. J. (1999). Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding boards of directors as strategic decision making groups. Academy of Management Review, 24, 489–505. Forbes, D. P., & Milliken, F. J. (1999). Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding boards of directors as strategic decision making groups. Academy of Management Review, 24, 489–505.
go back to reference Francoeur, C., Labelle, R., & Sinclair-Desgagné, B. (2008). Gender diversity in corporate governance and top management. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(1), 83–95.CrossRef Francoeur, C., Labelle, R., & Sinclair-Desgagné, B. (2008). Gender diversity in corporate governance and top management. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(1), 83–95.CrossRef
go back to reference Hahn, P. D. (2007). Vanishing board meetings: Has governance doomed the board meeting? Working Paper, London: Sir John Cass Business School. Hahn, P. D. (2007). Vanishing board meetings: Has governance doomed the board meeting? Working Paper, London: Sir John Cass Business School.
go back to reference Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (2003). Boards of directors an endogenously determined institution: A survey of the economic literature. Economic Policy Review, 9, 7–26. Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (2003). Boards of directors an endogenously determined institution: A survey of the economic literature. Economic Policy Review, 9, 7–26.
go back to reference Hillman, A. J., Cannella, J., & Harris, I. C. (2002). Woman and racial minorities in the boardroom: How do directors differ? Journal of Management, 28, 747–763.CrossRef Hillman, A. J., Cannella, J., & Harris, I. C. (2002). Woman and racial minorities in the boardroom: How do directors differ? Journal of Management, 28, 747–763.CrossRef
go back to reference Huse, M., & Solberg, A. G. (2006). Gender-related boardroom dynamics: How Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards. Women in Management Review, 21(2), 113–130.CrossRef Huse, M., & Solberg, A. G. (2006). Gender-related boardroom dynamics: How Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards. Women in Management Review, 21(2), 113–130.CrossRef
go back to reference Jensen, M. C. (1993). The modem industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 6(4), 4–23.CrossRef Jensen, M. C. (1993). The modem industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 6(4), 4–23.CrossRef
go back to reference Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.CrossRef Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.CrossRef
go back to reference Jensen, M. C., & Murphy, K. J. (1990). Performance and top management incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 225–264.CrossRef Jensen, M. C., & Murphy, K. J. (1990). Performance and top management incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 225–264.CrossRef
go back to reference Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Ley 2/2011, de 4 de marzo, de Economía Sostenible. Ley 2/2011, de 4 de marzo, de Economía Sostenible.
go back to reference Ley de Igualdad [Gender Equality Act] 2007, de 22 de marzo, para la Igualdad efectiva de Mujeres y Hombres. Ley de Igualdad [Gender Equality Act] 2007, de 22 de marzo, para la Igualdad efectiva de Mujeres y Hombres.
go back to reference Lipton, M., & Lorsch, J. W. (1992). A modest proposal for improved corporate governance. Business Lawyer, 48(1), 59–77. Lipton, M., & Lorsch, J. W. (1992). A modest proposal for improved corporate governance. Business Lawyer, 48(1), 59–77.
go back to reference Loden, M. (1985). Feminine leadership or how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. New York: Times Books. Loden, M. (1985). Feminine leadership or how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. New York: Times Books.
go back to reference Mahadeo, J. D., Soobaroyen, T., & Hanuman, V. O. (2012). Board composition and financial performance: Uncovering the effects of diversity in an emerging economy. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 375–388.CrossRef Mahadeo, J. D., Soobaroyen, T., & Hanuman, V. O. (2012). Board composition and financial performance: Uncovering the effects of diversity in an emerging economy. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 375–388.CrossRef
go back to reference Mateos de Cabo, R., Gimeno, R., & Nieto, M. J. (2012). Gender diversity on European banks’ boards of directors. Journal of Business Ethics, 109, 145–162.CrossRef Mateos de Cabo, R., Gimeno, R., & Nieto, M. J. (2012). Gender diversity on European banks’ boards of directors. Journal of Business Ethics, 109, 145–162.CrossRef
go back to reference Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. (1996). Searching for common treads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 402–433. Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. (1996). Searching for common treads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 402–433.
go back to reference Nielsen, S., & Huse, M. (2010). Women director’s contribution to board decision-making and strategic involvement: The role of equality perception. European Management Review, 7, 16–29.CrossRef Nielsen, S., & Huse, M. (2010). Women director’s contribution to board decision-making and strategic involvement: The role of equality perception. European Management Review, 7, 16–29.CrossRef
go back to reference Observatory of European SME’s. (2003). SME’s in Europe 2003. Document No. 7. Brussels: European Commission. Observatory of European SME’s. (2003). SME’s in Europe 2003. Document No. 7. Brussels: European Commission.
go back to reference Pearce, J., & Zahra, S. (1992). Board composition from a strategic contingency perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 29(4), 411–438.CrossRef Pearce, J., & Zahra, S. (1992). Board composition from a strategic contingency perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 29(4), 411–438.CrossRef
go back to reference Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource-dependence perspective. New York: Harper and Row. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource-dependence perspective. New York: Harper and Row.
go back to reference Powell, G. N. (1990). One more time: Do female and male managers differ? Academy of Management Perspectives, 4, 68–75. Powell, G. N. (1990). One more time: Do female and male managers differ? Academy of Management Perspectives, 4, 68–75.
go back to reference Robinson, G., & Dechant, K. (1997). Building a business case for diversity. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 21–30. Robinson, G., & Dechant, K. (1997). Building a business case for diversity. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 21–30.
go back to reference Sanchez-Marin, G., Baixauli-Soler, J. S., & Lucas-Perez, M. E. (2010). When much is not better? Top management compensation, board structure and performance in Spanish firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 2778–2797.CrossRef Sanchez-Marin, G., Baixauli-Soler, J. S., & Lucas-Perez, M. E. (2010). When much is not better? Top management compensation, board structure and performance in Spanish firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 2778–2797.CrossRef
go back to reference Sanders, W. G., & Carpenter, M. A. (1998). Internationalization and firm governance: The roles of CEO compensation, top team composition, and board structure. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 158–178.CrossRef Sanders, W. G., & Carpenter, M. A. (1998). Internationalization and firm governance: The roles of CEO compensation, top team composition, and board structure. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 158–178.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, N., Smith, V., & Verner, M. (2006). Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55, 569–593.CrossRef Smith, N., Smith, V., & Verner, M. (2006). Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55, 569–593.CrossRef
go back to reference Stout, L. (2012). The shareholder value myth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Stout, L. (2012). The shareholder value myth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
go back to reference Terjesen, S., Sealy, R., & Singh, V. (2009). Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(3), 320–337.CrossRef Terjesen, S., Sealy, R., & Singh, V. (2009). Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(3), 320–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102, 299–317.CrossRef Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102, 299–317.CrossRef
go back to reference Vafeas, N. (1999). Board meeting frequency and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 53, 113–142.CrossRef Vafeas, N. (1999). Board meeting frequency and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 53, 113–142.CrossRef
go back to reference Westphal, J. D., & Milton, L. P. (2000). How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 366–398.CrossRef Westphal, J. D., & Milton, L. P. (2000). How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 366–398.CrossRef
go back to reference Yermack, D. (1996). Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 40, 185–213.CrossRef Yermack, D. (1996). Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 40, 185–213.CrossRef
go back to reference Zelechowski, D., & Bilimoria, D. (2004). Characteristics of women and men corporate inside directors in the US. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 12(3), 337–342.CrossRef Zelechowski, D., & Bilimoria, D. (2004). Characteristics of women and men corporate inside directors in the US. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 12(3), 337–342.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Women on the Board and Managers’ Pay: Evidence from Spain
Authors
Maria Encarnación Lucas-Pérez
Antonio Mínguez-Vera
Juan Samuel Baixauli-Soler
Juan Francisco Martín-Ugedo
Gregorio Sánchez-Marín
Publication date
01-06-2015
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Journal of Business Ethics / Issue 2/2015
Print ISSN: 0167-4544
Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2148-1

Other articles of this Issue 2/2015

Journal of Business Ethics 2/2015 Go to the issue