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Erschienen in:
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

33. Enclosure Smoke Filling and Fire-Generated Environmental Conditions

verfasst von : Frederick W. Mowrer

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

Fires in buildings and other structures are distinguished from outdoor fires by the confinement effects associated with enclosure boundaries and by the ventilation effects associated with openings in these boundaries. The confinement of heat and smoke released by a fire in an enclosure gives rise to the evolution of fire-generated environmental conditions that can threaten life safety and cause thermal and nonthermal damage to the structure and its contents. For performance-based building fire safety analysis and design, it is important to be able to calculate the environmental conditions generated by fires in enclosures in order to evaluate the threat levels posed by anticipated fire scenarios. This chapter addresses the enclosure smoke-filling process and the fire-generated environmental conditions that develop within an enclosure during this process.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Modeling Fires Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Nächstes Kapitel Methods for Predicting Temperatures in Fire-Exposed Structures
Glossar
A
area (m2)
c p
specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg · K)
c v
specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg · K)
C d
orifice flow coefficient (–)
\( d{m}_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} \)
mass of oxygen consumed by combustion (kg)
h
specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H
height of space from floor to ceiling (m)
k v
volumetric entrainment coefficient (m3/s · kW1/3 · m5/3)
m
mass (kg)
ṁ
mass flow rate (kg/s)
P
pressure (Pa)
P o
atmospheric pressure (101,325 Pa)
Q f
heat released by combustion (kJ)
\( \dot{Q} \)
heat release rate (kW)
Q*
dimensionless heat release rate—\( \dot{Q}/\left({\rho}_a{c}_p{T}_a\sqrt{gH}{H}^2\right) \)
r air
air stoichiometric ratio (kg air/kg fuel)
\( {r}_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} \)
oxygen stoichiometric ratio (kg oxygen/kg fuel)
R
ideal gas constant of air (287.0 J/kg · K)
t
time (s)
T
temperature (K or °C)
u
specific internal energy (kJ/kg)
U
total internal energy (kJ)
v
velocity (m/s)
V
volume (m3)
\( \dot{V} \)
volumetric flow rate (m3/s)
X i
mole fraction of species i (n i /n total) (moles i /molestotal)
Y i
mass fraction of species i (m i /m total) (kg i /kgtotal)
z
elevation variable (m)
Greek Letters
α n
power law fire growth coefficient (kW/s n )
χ l
heat loss factor \( \left({\dot{Q}}_l/{\dot{Q}}_f\right) \) (–)
\( {\chi}_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} \)
oxygen consumption fraction (–)
ΔH c
fuel heat of combustion (kJ/kg)
ΔT
temperature rise above ambient (K or °C)
ρ
density (kg/m3)
τ
time constant (s)
Subscripts
atm
atmospheric
c
convective
e
exit
exp
expansion
ext
extraction
f
fire
g
global
i
in, interface
l
loss, lower layer
net
net
o
ambient, reference
O2
oxygen
p
constant pressure
pl
plume
r
radiative
s
space
tot
total
u, ul
upper layer
v
constant volume
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Metadaten
Titel
Enclosure Smoke Filling and Fire-Generated Environmental Conditions
verfasst von
Frederick W. Mowrer
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_33