Energy and Sustainable Aviation Fuels Solutions

Noise monitoring in the vicinity of the airports still does not play the role which is usually covered by environmental monitoring. It is generally defined as gathering, assessing and reporting environmental information obtained through continuous or periodic sampling, observation and analysis of both natural variation or changes and anthropogenic pressures and their effects on humans and the environment. Today, the Airport Noise and Operations Management System (ANOMS) is a sophisticated, acoustical system which monitors aircraft flight tracks, fleet mix and noise levels by time of day, season and on an annual basis. Four main ways of reporting measurements of aircraft noise were identified by the research—online platforms, reporting of noise monitor data, bespoke noise reports for a given community and noise contours. The goal of the ANOMS usage is to maximize aircraft operations within environmental constraints, reduce operating costs while improving noise office productivity, reporting regulatory compliance and increasing community tolerance for airport growth. It becomes a tool necessary to be used for proactive (not simply reactive as mostly realized now around airports worldwide) and even collaborative systems of noise management in airports.

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric linear programming technique that evaluates the relative efficiency of a set of decision-making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. DEA is widely used in various fields, including finance, healthcare, education, and manufacturing. DEA is especially useful for evaluating the performance of DMUs where there are no clear benchmarks or when traditional statistical methods are inappropriate. This abstract provides an overview of DEA analysis for Indian airlines, including its basic principles, mathematical formulations, and applications. DEA can help decision-makers identify inefficiencies in their operations and provide insights into how to improve performance.

The purpose of this study is to assess the quantities of fuel consumed and pollutant emissions of departure aircraft at Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen Airport during taxi operations. To only incorporate information relevant to taxi operations, automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) data was filtered. The International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) Engine Emissions Databank was used by considering different aircraft engine types to calculate the fuel and emission parameters. This allowed the calculation of fuel consumption and emission levels, including hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The obtained results were then compared to the results of the previously reported model for fuel calculation considering the number of acceleration events. The findings of this study illustrated the variation in the differences between the ICAO emission databank and the model results across aircraft types.

Conventional sensors are generally composed of thin films that can be easily damaged by external impact. As interest in wearable electronics continues to increase, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that uses a conductive liquid as a single electrode has attracted considerable attention. Even though a liquid-based TENG is attractive for a power supply to drive a wearable device due to its intrinsic shape-adaptability, a mechanical weakness is problematic. To improve its weak mechanical robustness, the smart rheology of shear thickening fluid (STF) is benefitted. Shear thickening fluid is a smart material that is adapted to many different applications. TENG is one of the application areas for STF.

This chapter gives a systematic assessment of present evidence with respect to the impacts of noise, particularly aircraft noise on students’ learning performance. Areas covered includes children’s performance in auditory, non-auditory tasks, and children’s cognitive development. The evidence available suggests that aircraft noise has a significant impact on children’s learning, particularly older children are affected than younger children. The findings indicate that the effects of aircraft noise appear to be long term, leading to reduced memory, motivation, and abilities in reading and writing. These results provide further evidence of the detrimental impact of aircraft noise upon children at school, which required an appropriate acoustic design and collaboration between multi-sectors to minimise these effects.

Shear thickening fluids are made of polymeric carrier liquids and organic or inorganic nano/micro-particles distributed in them. These special fluids naturally show dielectric properties due to polymeric composition. However, some attempts have been made to gain conductivity with these intelligent fluids. In the present work, a conventional shear thickening fluid was fabricated by using nano-size silica particles distributed in a polyethylene glycol medium. The rheology of this material was investigated under increasing shear rates. Moreover, electrical conductivity measurements were carried out to understand the conductive performance. Then, in the conductive phase, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were included in the suspension to enhance the electrical conductivity. The effect of CNTs on both rheology and conductivity was investigated.

Numerous researchers worldwide have studied protective composites, but no literature has presented advanced systems that provide both improved protection and lightweight properties. Although some researchers have attempted to develop such systems, they are still in the early stages of basic research. Scientists have investigated various lightweight materials, including shear thickening fluid (STF) or shear stiffening polymer (SSP), but these advanced structures are still being formulated and have not resulted in significant weight reduction. Aerogel is a promising material for lightweight structures due to its extremely low density, but conventional aerogel is brittle and prone to fracture. To overcome this, flexible polymer fillers such as polyurethane are combined with aerogel to enhance the mechanical properties, making it suitable for various applications.

A hybrid rocket motor (HRM) is a type of rocket motor that combines features of both solid and liquid rocket motors. Hybrid rocket motors typically have lower specific impulse than liquid rocket motors, which can limit their performance in certain applications. While most hybrid rocket motors use traditional fuel and oxidiser combinations, this research aims to investigate HRM’s propulsive performance in a novel fuel additive design. The propulsive performance parameters are numerically determined for their characteristics’ velocity, specific impulse, and adiabatic flame temperature. Simulations were run using the Chemical equilibrium with applications-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (CEA-NASA) software. High-entropy alloy (HEA) was doped with paraffin wax at various concentrations to study the effects of the fuel and different oxidisers on the performance of the hybrid rocket. The highest overall performance for all parameters examined was achieved with the lowest HEA content and O₂ as the oxidiser.

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) play a vital role in achieving global carbon neutrality and mitigating the environmental impact of aviation. However, selecting the optimal SAF alternative necessitates a comprehensive assessment of economic, technical, and social considerations. To address this, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach employing the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was used. Seventeen international aviation experts, comprising both experienced and less-experienced individuals, participated in this study. AHP facilitated the prioritization of factors based on their relative significance, enabling well-informed decision-making that reconciles divergent stakeholder objectives. The evaluation outcomes emphasize the utmost importance of environmental impact criteria, followed by economic and technical feasibility. These insights are invaluable for policymakers and decision-makers in identifying the most suitable SAF alternative aligned with their specific goals and objectives.

As an aircraft stalls under high angle of attack, airflow is separated from the wing surface, resulting in drastic lift loss and drag increase. Consequently, the performance of the wing is impaired, jeopardizing the safety of the aircraft. To mitigate this problem, a common practice is to install vortex generators on the upper surface of the wing. They function by introducing high-energy vortices into the sluggish boundary layer, thus delaying the separation to a higher stall angle. They can effectively improve lift during take-off and landing. In this study, several important parameters of vortex generators are optimized to produce the maximum lift at a high angle of attack. The results are very useful for the design of vortex generators to improve the safety of an aircraft.

Liberalization has brought global competition to a high level. The increase in the level of competition has caused the transition to the product differentiation phase in airlines. It is seen that the competitive environment has caused the airline industry to innovate, and new strategic models have emerged. The developments in the sector contribute to an increase in the welfare level in sociocultural and socioeconomic terms. Airlines support tourism and the economy through travel and product/service exchange. The need for travel has caused airline companies to increase their offerings. It is known that airline companies see technology as one of their revenue-increasing methods. Developing technological applications affects passengers’ travel perceptions and experiences. Younger generations are more technology addicted, and they take a larger share of the pie. These younger generations embrace technological developments because they were born and grew up in the world of technology; mobile phones bridge an uninterrupted link with social networks, demonstrating the impact of technology on generations. Purchasing, which is the last stage of the consumer behavior process, follows the decision-making stage, and experiencing is the last step in this process. As recognized, understanding consumer behavior, purchasing decision process, and purchasing intention should be analyzed in detail to reveal the purchase intention. This study aims to examine the travel perception of airline passengers based on technology and to reveal the relationship between technology and purchasing behavior.

This study investigates the impact of the air-blast injector design on airflow vortex intensity and spray characteristics. Flow field simulation is used to calculate the number of airflow vortices, and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology and a particle size measuring instrument are employed for spray observation. Analysis is conducted on spray atomization angle, liquid mass distribution, spray non-uniformity, and sauter mean diameter (SMD) among other atomization characteristics.

The results demonstrated an inverse relationship between the airflow vortex intensity and the average particle size of the spray, as well as the spray hollow intensity. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between the airflow vortex intensity and the spray atomization angle, spray hollow range, and spray uniformity. Therefore, the design of air-blast injectors with larger airflow vortex numbers, such as increasing blade angles or adopting airfoil-shaped blade designs, resulted in sprays with smaller average particle sizes, larger spray atomization angles, weaker hollow intensity, wider spray hollow range, and more uniform spray distribution. Under conditions where the gas mass flow rate continued to increase or the gas channel width was narrower, the airflow exhibited higher axial velocities, lower airflow vortex numbers, and stronger recirculation ranges and velocities. Consequently, the spray atomization angle, spray hollow intensity, and spray hollow range increased. The study also revealed an inverse relationship between the axial velocity of the airflow and the SMD of the spray. Thus, increasing axial velocity of the airflow led to sprays with smaller average particle sizes.

As the aviation industry seeks to lessen its environmental effects, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have emerged as a possible alternative to conventional aviation fuels (CAFs). This chapter compares the properties and specifications of SAF and CAF, offering knowledge of their unique features and consequences for engine fuel system performance and sustainability. Key criteria such as sulphur content, density, flashpoint, freezing point, composition, carbon intensity, and emissions profiles are investigated to emphasise the unique characteristics of each fuel type. In addition, the possibility of SAF integration into the CAF is investigated, considering any necessary adjustments or needs. The findings add to a thorough understanding of the technical concerns related to SAF adoption, allowing for better-informed decision-making and promoting the aviation industry’s transition to more sustainable fuel choices.

In the liquefied natural gas (LNG) power plant, amine scrubbing and CO₂(g) liquefaction are often used for CO₂(g) capture and storage (CCS) as it is suitable for large-scale installations. A large amount of LNG hot and cold energy is required for CO₂(g) absorption, regeneration, and liquefaction. Waste LNG cold energy discharged into seawater from the LNG regasification process and waste LNG hot energy from the natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) can be recovered and reused. In this study, the model for CCS for waste hot and cold energy recovery of LNG power plants and regasification of LNG includes NGCC, CO₂(g) capture and regeneration, and CO₂(g) liquefaction. Exergy and economic analyses are discussed to evaluate the economic feasibility of process energy conversion. Finally, the net power generation and exergy efficiency of the proposed process increased by 20% and 11%, respectively. Economic feasibility net profit increased by 78%. The overall energy efficiency and economic feasibility of using waste cold and hot energy were observed to increase, which resulted in decreased fuel usage.

This chapter presents the basic principles of air traffic management (ATM), especially air traffic control operations, performance-based navigation schemes, and how they can correlate to sustainability and create viable aviation activities. The current chapter is part of a wider research study that shows what are the essential elements for creating a sustainability framework through a training process. Identification of the primary ATM principles and professional activities, in link with sustainability and what sustainability means for ATM, is one of the elements elaborated in the case study/training provided in ATM professionals. Presenting sustainability in the boundaries of ATM operations makes trainees more open and assertive to accept sustainability as a new concept for their professional tasks.

Despite being the newest mode of transportation, air cargo has become one of the fastest-growing industries due to the social and economic benefits it provides. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the pandemic on the Turkish Air Cargo Transportation sector. The present study involved an analysis of data obtained from reports released by the civil aviation authority in Turkey. Furthermore, the collection of data on alterations in freight patterns during the pandemic was facilitated by means of semi-structured interviews conducted with managers and experts affiliated with four air cargo businesses operating within the geographical boundaries of Turkey. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an observed correlation between the transportation of medical equipment and vaccines and the rise in air cargo traffic in Turkey. This increase in traffic has resulted in a corresponding expansion of cargo tonnage capacity among firms, which may be attributed to the growing number of aircraft involved in these operations. In summary, it is noteworthy that air cargo companies experienced a notable surge in both the quantity of aircraft utilized and the volume of cargo transported during the COVID-19 pandemic, which stands in contrast to the trends observed in passenger transportation.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms have been widely studied worldwide over the past decades. It is predicted that it will be a trending topic for the next decades as well. When the development of unmanned aerial vehicles is analyzed, it is seen that they were initially used and developed only for military purposes. However, thanks to the widespread use of four-motor multirotors and the relatively simple operation protocols introduced by electric motors, the number of unmanned aerial vehicles used for civilian purposes has increased much faster than for military purposes and has already surpassed this number. Battery-powered only electric UAVs cannot stay in the air for long periods due to their high battery weights. Today, fuel cells are one of the topics being studied to increase the flight time of electric UAVs. Due to their high efficiency, fuel cells can significantly increase the flight time. In this study, fuel cell UAV studies in the open literature are reviewed and the differences between them are analyzed.

The concept of sustainability, as a word meaning, expresses the continuity and permanence of an existing balance. Sustainability can be expressed as a participatory process aiming at the prudent use of the society's economic, social, cultural, scientific, natural and human resources.

Rapid population growth and constantly developing production techniques increase the global energy demand day by day. The sustainability of energy resources is one of the main difficulties that countries have to solve. One of these problems is that traditional energy sources will run out after a certain period of time. The second is that greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil resources are among the main causes of global warming and environmental pollution. The third is the expectation that traditional resources will become increasingly inadequate to meet the increasing energy demand due to the developing technology and rapidly increasing population volume due to the limited reserve.

The world's understanding of development has shifted to the use of technology and resources, where energy can be obtained more efficiently and more economically, instead of energy abundance and unlimited consumption. Reducing climate change and global warming forms the basis of this new understanding. Efficient use of energy, ensuring the security of its supply, and access to less polluting and reliable energy sources are the essential elements for sustainable development. The breadth is determined by the density of global energy resources, oil and natural gas.

One of the pioneers of urban air mobility and new-generation aircraft is the emergency medical service (EMS) application. Thanks to the potential public benefit from the emergency operation, efforts to realize this vision are supported by both the relevant authorities and the general public. Even though the core electric powertrain technology is advancing at a rapid rate, the required performance for safe and sustainable EMS operations is still an open question. In this chapter, the requirements for an operational concept for Hungary were investigated. The goal was to determine whether today’s electric aircraft designs that potentially could be used as EMS vehicles can perform the missions with the current technology level, taking the current regulatory environment into account. The investigated vehicles are eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-off and Landing) aircraft concepts designed for urban air mobility (UAM) applications. Based on the analysis, the proposed 34 km operational radius concept is on the edge of feasibility, but it is very sensitive to the mission profile. The duration of the vertical climb and hovering is the most energy intensive, and the feasibility relies on keeping it short.

This research focuses on the non-CO₂ benefits of using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Because of its potential to reduce air pollution, SAF is gaining traction as a viable alternative to traditional aviation fuels. We explore the impact of SAF deployment on important air pollutants using a thorough literature review and data analysis. SAF adoption demonstrates promising reductions in NO_x, SO₂, PM, and soot emissions, providing additional advantages to relying more on SAF which helps achieve the EU air quality standards, reduces aviation's environmental effect, and contributes to better air quality and public health.

Drones are being used in various applications, such as monitoring and data collection tasks. It has already been demonstrated that taking photos, videos, or collecting data even autonomously along a predefined path is not just possible. Drones are still particularly well suited and efficient at it. However, more feasibility is needed to make a business based on that application viable in the market. This chapter investigates whether unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based road surface monitoring and object detection are competent in today’s business environment, especially in Hungary and Turkey. The approach involved listing the potential business models that could be adopted, and then they were evaluated by experts using criteria relevant to the drone market. The chosen eight business aspects were considered with equal weight, and the highest-scoring idea was providing processed data about sections of interest to the customers. This model had the highest potential because the company can focus on the efficient collection of data, with the possibility to secure recurring inspection activity assignments that would provide a stable, plannable income.