nach oben

Erschienen in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Energy Characteristics of Welding Heat Sources

verfasst von : Victor A. Karkhin

Erschienen in: Thermal Processes in Welding

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In most cases welding is carried out with local heating of bodies up to the temperature which is determined by the type of welding and properties of the materials to be welded.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel Thermophysical Properties of Metals

Alaluss, K., Buerkner, G., Nguyen-Chung, T., Gehde, M., & Mennig, G. (2010). Simulation of weld pool in plasma—MIG deposition welding. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 9, pp. 93–109). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Belousov, Yu. V. (2002). Evaluation of concentration of surface heat source with normally distributed heat power. Welding Production, 8, 8–12 (in Russian).

Bosworth, M. R. (1991) Effective heat input in pulsed current gas metal arc welding with solid wire electrodes. Welding Journal, 5, 111-s–117-s.

Carlson, B. E., Wang, H. -P., Turichin, G. A., Valdaitseva, Y. A., Ivanov, S. Yu., & Karkhin, V. A. (2013). Mathematical model of plasma jet for plasma arc brazing. In C. Sommitsch & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 10, pp. 737–751). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Cho, W. -I., Na, S. -Y., Cho, M. -H., & Lee, J. -S. (2010). A transient investigation of laser–arc hybrid welding by numerical simulation. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 9, pp. 57–63). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Choo, R. T. C., Szekely, J., & Westhoff, R. C. (1990). Modelling of high-current arcs with emphasis on free surface phenomena in the weld pool. Welding Journal, 9, 346-s–361-s.

Christensen, N., Davies, V. L., & Gjermundsen, K. (1965). Distribution of temperatures in arc welding. British Welding Journal, 54–75.

Doan, G. E., & Lorentz, R. E. (1941). Crater formation and the force of the electric welding arc in various atmospheres. Welding Journal, 20, 103-s–108-s.

Dresvin, S. V. (Ed.). (1972). Physics and techniques of low-temperature plasma (351 pp.). Moscow: Atomizdat (in Russian).

DuPont, J. N., & Marder, A. R. (1995). Thermal efficiency of arc welding processes. Welding Journal, 12, 406-s–416-s.

Eagar, T. W., & Tsai, N. -S. (1983). Temperature fields produced by traveling distributed heat sources. Welding Journal, 12, 346-s–355-s.

Evans, D. M., Huang, D., McClure, J. C., & Nunes, A. C. (1998). Arc efficiency of plasma arc welding. Welding Journal, 2, 53-s–58-s.

Farmer, A. J. D., Haddad, G. N., & Cram, L. E. (1986). Temperature determinations in a free-burning arc: III measurements with molten anodes. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 19, 1723–1730.

Finkelnburg, W., & Maecker, H. (1961). Electric arcs and thermal plasma (370 pp.). Moscow: Foreign Literature Publishing (in Russian).

Frolov (Ed.). (1988). Theory of welding processes (559 pp.). Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola (in Russian).

Fuerschbach, P. W. (1995). A dimensionless parameter model for arc welding processes/trends in welding research. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference (pp. 493–497), 5–8 June 1995, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.

Gage, R. M. (1959). Principles of the modern arc torch. Welding Journal, 38(10), 959–962.

Galler, M., Ernst, W., Vallant, R., & Enzinger, N. (2010). Simulation based determination of the electrical contact resistance during resistance spot welding. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 9, pp. 883–900). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Gelman, A. S. (1970). Principles of resistance welding (312 pp.). Moscow: Mashinostroenie (in Russian).

Gick, A. E. F., Quigley, M. B. C., & Richards, P. H. (1973). The use of electrostatic probes to measure the temperature profiles of welding arcs. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 6, 1941–1949.

Giedt, W. H., Tallerico, L. N., & Feurschbach, P. W. (1989). GTA welding efficiency: Calorimetric and temperature field measurements. Welding Journal, 1, 28-s–32-s.

Glickstein, S. S. (1981). Basic studies of the arc welding process. In Trends in welding research in the United States. Proceedings of a Conference (pp. 3–51).

Glickstein, S. S., & Friedmann, E. (1983). Temperature transients in gas tungsten arc weldments. Welding Review, 62(5), 72–73.

Grigoryants, A. G. (1994). Basics of laser material processing (313 pp.). Taylor and Francis Inc.

Haddad, G. N., & Farmer, A. Y. D. (1984). Temperature determinations in a free–burning arc. I: experimental techniques and results in argon. Journal of Physics D, 17, 1189–1196.

Haddad, G. N., Farmer, A. Y. D., Kovitya, P., & Cram, L. E. (1985). Physical processes in gas–tungsten arcs. IIW Doc. 212-627-85.

Haelsig, A., Pehle, S., Kusch, M., & Mayr, P. (2017). Reducing potential errors in the calculation of cooling rates for typical arc welding processes. Welding in the World, 61, 745–754.

Hertel, M., Fuessel, U., Schnick, M., Reisgen, U., Mokrov, O., Zabirov, A., & Spille-Kohoff, A. (2013). Numerical simulation of arc and metal transfer in gas metal arc welding. In C. Sommitsch & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 10, pp. 67–81). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Hiraoka, K., Shiwaku, T., & Ohji, T. (1997). Determining temperature distributions of gas tungsten arc (TIG) plasma by spectroscopic methods. Welding International, 11(9), 688–696.

Hsu, K. C., Etemadi, K., & Pfender, E. (1983). Study of the free-burning high intensity argon arc. Journal of Applied Physics, 54, 1293–1301.

Ishchenko, A. Ya., Podielnikov, S. V., & Poklyatsky, A. G. (2007). Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys (Review). The Paton Welding Journal, 11, 25–30.

Jackson, C. E. (1960). The science of arc welding. Welding Journal, 39, 129-s–140-s, 177-s–190-s, 225-s–230-s.

Katsaounis, A. (1993). Heat flow and arc efficiency at high pressures in argon and helium tungsten arcs. Welding Journal, 9, 447-s–454-s.

Key, J. F., Chan, J. W., & McIlwain, M. E. (1983). Process parameter influence on arc temperature distribution. Welding Journal, 62, 179-s–184-s. IIW Doc. 212-549-83.

Kobayashi, M., & Suga, T. (1979). A method for the spectral temperature measurement of a welding arc. In W. Lucas (Ed.), Arc physics and weld pool behaviour (pp. 25–37). Cambridge: The Welding Institute.

Kochergin, K. A. (1987). Resistance welding (240 pp.). Leningrad: Mashinostroenie (in Russian).

Kopayev, B. V., Rybachuk, A. M., & Lebedev, V. A. (2006). On selection of empirical formulae for arc pressure distribution. Welding Production, 4, 3–8 (in Russian).

Kou, S., & Le, Y. (1984). Heat flow during the autogeneous GTA welding of aluminum alloy pipes. Metallurgical Transactions A, 15A(6), 1165–1171.

Kovitya, P., & Lowke, J. J. (1982). Two-dimensional calculations in welding arcs in argon. IIW Doc. 212-534-82.

Kovitya, P., & Lowke, J. J. (1985). Two-dimensional analysis of free-burning arcs in argon. Journal of Physics D, 18, 53–70.

Kudinov, V. V., & Ivanov, V. M. (1981). Plasma refractory coating (192 pp.). Moscow: Mashinostroenie (in Russian).

Lancaster, J. F. (Ed.). (1986). The physics of welding (2nd ed., 340 pp.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Lancaster, J. F. (1987). The physics of fusion welding part 1: The electric arc in welding. In IEEE Proceedings, 134, Pt. B(5), 233–254.

Lebedev, V. K., Chernenko, I. A., & Vill, V. I. (Eds.). (1987). Friction welding. Handbook (236 pp.). Leningrad: Mashinostroenie (in Russian).

Lee, S.-Y., & Na, S.-J. (1996). A numerical analysis of a stationary gas tungsten welding arc considering various electrode angles. Welding Journal, 9, 269-s–279-s.

Leskov, G. I. (1970). Electric welding arc (335 pp.). Moscow: Mashinostroenie (in Russian).

Lindgren, L.-E. (2007). Computational welding mechanics. Thermomechanical and microstructural simulations (248 pp.). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.

Lohwasser, D., & Chen, Z. (Eds.). (2010). Friction stir welding: From basics to applications (424 pp.). Oxford: Woodhead Publishing.

Lopota, V. A., Turichin, G. A., Valdaytseva, E. A., Malkin, P. E., & Gumenyuk, A. V. (2006). Computer system for modelling of electron beam and laser welding. Automatic Welding, 2, 18–21 (in Russian).

Lowke, J. J., & Tanaka, M. (2006). LTE—Diffusion approximation for arc calculations. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39, 3634–3643.

Lu, M., & Kou, S. (1988). Power and current distributions in gas tungsten arcs. Welding Journal, 2, 29-s–34-s.

Makhnenko, V. I., & Kravtsov, T. G. (1976). Thermal processes in mechanized deposition on circular cylinder-shaped workpieces (159 pp.). Kiev: Naukova Dumka (in Russian).

Martin, J. (2006, Jan/Feb). Pushing the boundaries—Friction stir goes deeper than before. TWI Connect, 1.

Matsunawa, A., & Nishiguchi, M. (1979). The cathode mechanism in free burning arcs with refractory electrodes: Probe measurement in low pressure arcs and the mechanism of a cathode plasma ball. In W. Lucas (Ed.), Arc physics and weld pool behaviour (pp. 67–77). Cambridge: The Welding Institute.

Messler, R. W. Jr. (1999). Principles of welding: Processes, physics, chemistry, and metallurgy (662 pp.). New York: Wiley.

Metcalfe, J. C., & Quingley, M. B. C. (1975). Heat transfer in plasma-arc welding. Welding Journal, 54(3), 99-s–103-s.

Mishra, R. S., & Ma, Z. Y. (2005). Friction stir welding and processing. Reports: A Review Journal. Materials Science and Engineering R, 50, 1–78.

Mishra, R. S., & Mahoney, M. W. (Eds.). (2007). Friction stir welding and processing (352 pp.). Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.

Mochizuki, M., Tanaka, M., & Okano, S. (2010). Distortion analysis by combining arc plasma process with weld mechanics. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 9, pp. 551–578 ). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Murphy, A. B., Tanaka, M., Yamamoto, K., Tashiro, S., Sato, T., & Lowke, J. J. (2009). Modelling of thermal plasmas for arc welding: The role of the shielding gas properties and of metal vapour. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 42, 1–20.

Murphy, A. B., & Thomas, D. G. (2017). Prediction of arc, weld pool and weld properties with a desktop computer model of metal-inert-gas welding. Welding in the World, 61, 623–633.

Nerovny, V. M. (Ed.). (2016). Theory of welding processes (2nd ed., 702 pp.). Moscow: MVTU Publishing (in Russian).

Nestor, O. H. (1962). Heat intensity and current density distributions at the anode of high-current, inert gas. Journal of Applied Physics, 33(5), 1638–1648.

Niles, R. W., & Jackson, C. E. (1975). Weld thermal efficiency of the GTAW process. Welding Journal, 1, 25 s–32 s.

Nomura, K., Ogino, Y., Murakami, K., & Hirata, Y. (2010). Features of magnetic controlled TIG arc plasma—Modelling and experiment. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 9, pp. 83–91). Graz: Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Olsen, H. N. (1963). The electric arc as a light source for quantitative spectroscopy. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 3, 305–333.

Olshansky, N. A. (Ed.). (1978). Welding in engineering industry. 1. Handbook (504 pp.). Moscow: Mashinostroenie (in Russian).

Petrov, G. L., & Tumarev, A. S. (1977). Theory of welding processes (2nd ed., 392 pp.). Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola Publishing (in Russian).

Petrunichev, V. A. (1960). Thermal and mechanical effect of high-power arc on weld pool. In N. N. Rykalin (Ed.), Processes of melting of base metal during welding (pp. 117–166). Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Prokhorov, N. N. (1976). Physical processes in metals during welding. 2 Stresses, deformations and phase transformations (600 pp.). Moscow: Metallurgiya (in Russian).

Radaj, D. (1992). Heat effects of welding. Temperature field, residual stress, distortion (348 pp.). Berlin: Springer.

Rykalin, N. N. (1951). Calculation of heat flow in welding (Z. Paley & C. M. Adams, Jr. Trans.) (337 pp.). Moscow.

Rykalin, N. N. (1957). Berechnung der Waermevorgaenge beim Schweissen (326 pp.). Berlin: VEB Verlag Technik (in German).

Rykalin, N. N. (1974). Energy sources for welding. Welding in the World, 12(9/10), 227–248.

Rykalin, N. N., & Kulagin, I. D. (1953). Thermal parameters of the welding arc. In V. P. Nikitin (Ed.), Thermal processes in welding (pp. 10–58). Moscow: Publication of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Rykalin, N. N., & Shorshorov, M. H. (1953). Heating of thin metal sheets and massive workpieces with gas flame torch. In V. P. Nikitin (Ed.), Thermal processes in welding (pp. 89–111). Moscow: Publication of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Rykalin, N., Uglov, A., & Kokora, A. (1978). Laser machining and welding (312 pp.). Moscow: Mir Publishers.

Rykalin, N., Uglov, A., Zuev, I., & Kokora, A. (1988). Laser and electron beam material processing: Handbook (591 pp.). Moscow: Mir Publishers.

Sandvik (1977). Welding handbook (136 pp.). Sandviken: Sandvik Publication.

Schmidt, H. N. B. (2010). Modelling thermal properties in friction stir welding. In D. Lohwasser, Z. Chen (Eds.), Friction stir welding. From basics to applications (pp. 277–313). Oxford: Woodhead Publishing.

Schnick, M., Fussel, U., Hertel, M., Spille-Kohoff, A., & Murphy, A. B. (2010). Effects of metal vapour on the arc behaviour in GMA welding. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 9, pp. 43–56). Graz: Verlag der Technischer Universitaet Graz.

Seyffarth, P., & Krivtsun, I. (2002). Laser-arc processes and their applications in welding and material treatment (200 pp.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Smaars, E. A., & Acinger, K. (1968). Material transport and temperature distribution in arc between melting aluminium electrodes. IIW Doc. 212-162-68.

Smartt, H. B., Stewart, J. A., & Einerson, C. J. (1986). Heat transfer in gas tungsten arc welding. ASM Metals/Materials Technology Series, 8511–011. Metals Park, Ohio, 1–14.

Sosnin, N. A., Yermakov, S. A., & Topolyansky, P. A. (2008). Plasma technologies (406 pp.). St. Petersburg: Polytechnic University Publishing (in Russian).

Sudnik, V. A., & Ivanov, A. V. (1998). Mathematical model for heat source in gas metal arc welding. Part 1. Normal process. Welding Production, 9, 3–9 (in Russian).

Sudnik, V. A., & Rybakov, A. S. (1992). Calculation and experimental models of the moving arc of a non-consumable electrode in argon. Welding International, 6(4), 301–303.

Sudnik, V. A., Rybakov, A. S., & Zaytsev, O. I. (2005). Mathematical and computer software TIGSIM for analysis of arc welding with a non-consumable electrode in argon. In V. A. Sudnik (Ed.), Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Technologies in Joining of Materials (pp. 128–145). Tula: Tula State University Publishing (in Russian).

Sudnik, V. A., & Yerofeyev, V. A. (1988). Computer methods for research of welding processes (94 pp.). Tula: Publishing House of the Technical University (in Russian).

Szekely, J. (1989). Transport phenomena in welds with emphasis on free surface phenomena. In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (pp. 3–11).

Thomas, W. M., Nicholas, E. D., Needhamm, J. C., Murch, M. G., Temple-Smith, P., & Dawes, C. J. (1991). Improvements relating to friction welding. European Patent Specification 0 615 480 B1 1991.

Threadgill, P. L., Leonard, A. J., Shercliff, H. R., & Withers, P. J. (2009). Friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. International Materials Reviews, 54(2), 49–93.

Tikhodeyev, G. M. (1961). Energetic properties of electric welding arc (254 pp.). Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Tsai, N. S., & Eagar, T. W. (1985). Distribution of the heat and current fluxes in gas tungsten arcs. Metallurgical Transactions B, 16B(12), 841–846.

Tsarkov, A. V., & Orlik, G. V. (2001). Determination of concentration factor of welding arc in tungsten arc welding. Welding Production, 6, 3–5 (in Russian).

Turichin, G., Valdaitseva, E., Pozdeeva, E., Dilthey, U., & Gumeniuk, A. (2008). Theoretical investigation of dynamic behaviour of molten pool in laser and hybrid welding with deep penetration. The Paton Welding Journal, 7, 11–15.

Turichin, G. A., Valdaytseva, E. A., Karkhin, V. A., Wang, H.-P., & Carlson, B. E. (2013). Modelling of plasma jet temperature field with slope incident on the surface with plasma and hybrid processing materials. In Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific and Technical Conference on Beam Technologies and Laser Application (pp. 18–21) September 2013. St. Petersburg, Russia. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University Publishing (pp. 52–64).

Ushio, M., & Matsuda, F. (1982). Mathematical modeling of heat transfer of welding arc (Part 1). IIW Doc. 212-528-82.

Vill, V. I. (1962). Friction welding of metals (114 pp.). American Welding Society.

Watkins, A. D., Smartt, H. B., & Einerson, C. Y. (1990). Heat transfer in gas metal arc welding. In Proceedings of 3rd Conference on Recent Trends in Welding Science and Technology. Metals Park (pp. 19–23). Ohio: ASM International.

Wendelstorf, J., Decker, I., & Wohlfahrt, H. (1997). TIG and plasma arc modelling: A survey. In H. Cerjak (Ed.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 3, pp. 848–897). London: The Institute of Materials.

Yamauchi, N., & Taka, T. (1979). TIG arc welding with hollow tungsten electrodes. IIW Doc. 212-452-79.

Yampolsky, V. M. (1972). Investigation of features of vacuum arc discharge with hollow cathode of welding type. Transactions of Institutes of Higher Education. Engineering, 7, 67–68 (in Russian).

Yerofeyev, V. A., & Maslennikov, A. V. (2005). Physical-mathematical model for multi-pass arc welding process/transactions of Tula State University. In Computer Technologies in Joining Materials, 3 (pp. 246–255). Tula: Tula State Technical University Publishing (in Russian).

Yushchenko, K. A., Chervyakov, N. O., & Kalina, P. P. (2006). Energy characteristics of low-amperage arcs. The Paton Welding Journal, 4, 17–21.

Zaehr, J., Schnick, M., Fuessel, U., Lohse, M., & Sende, M. (2010). Numerical investigations of process gases and their influence on TIG—Welding. In H. Cerjak & N. Enzinger (Eds.), Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena (Vol. 3, pp. 111–126). Graz: Technischen Universitaet Graz.

Zhu, P., Lowke, J. J., Morrow, R., & Haidar, J. (1995). Prediction of anode temperatures of free burning arcs. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 28, 1369–a1376.

Titel: Energy Characteristics of Welding Heat Sources
verfasst von: Victor A. Karkhin
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Thermal Processes in Welding
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-5964-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-5965-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5965-1_1

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht