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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Enforcement of Court Judgments and Orders

verfasst von : Neil Andrews

Erschienen in: The Three Paths of Justice

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines the various ways in which civil judgments can be enforced. Money judgments can be enforced by: (i) taking control of goods; or (ii) a third party debt order (that is, a ‘garnishee order’); or (iii) a charging order (against land), stop order (against securities or funds in court), or a stop notice (against securities); or (iv) by appointment of a receiver. Breach of injunctions will render the party in default a ‘contemnor’ and the contempt of court procedure (known as ‘committal proceedings’) can then be applied. In appropriate circumstances, a contemnor might be condemned by a civil court to pay a fine or be imprisoned or to have assets seized by the court’s enforcement officers (‘sequestration’ of assets). There is also a mechanism allowing judgment creditors to gain access to information concerning the judgment debtor’s assets.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Costs and Funding

Nächstes Kapitel Protective Relief

CPR 70.2(2).

Courts Act 2003, sch 7, para 2(1); High Court Enforcement Officers Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/400).

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, ss 63, 64; Certificate of Enforcement Agents Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/421).

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, sections 62 to 70, Schedule 12.

Briggs IR (2015), 5.97; I Levy, ‘Taking Enforcement Seriously’ (2017) 36 CJQ 127.

Ibid, 3.53 to 3.56; 5.97 to 5.103; Chap. 10; 12.29 to 12.30.

Ibid, 5.100.

HMCTS (Her Majesty’s Courts and Tribunals Service; executive agency of the Ministry of Justice).

For details of such transfers, WB (2018). 83.0.17, noting also that Article 8 of the High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction Order 1991 (SI 1991/724) permits the High Court to be chosen as the transferee jurisdiction unless the county court judgment is for less than £600.

Briggs IR (2015), 5.101.

CPR Part 84.

CPR Part 72.

CPR Part 73.

s 37, Senior Courts Act 1981; s 107, County Courts Act 1984; CPR Part 69.

CPR Part 89.

County Courts Act 1984, s 112; such an order prevents named creditors from petitioning for bankruptcy against the judgment debtor, and makes provision for payment of creditors by instalments; the order can last for three years (s 106, Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 is not yet in force); Blackstone’s Civil Practice 2017 (Oxford University Press, 2017), 79.18.

Michael Wilson and Partners v Sinclair (No 2) [2017] EWCA Civ 55, [2017] 1 WLR 3069, at [13] and [15], applying CPR 81.7.

CPR Part 71; PD (71).

CPR 71.2(6)(b); North Shore Ventures Ltd v Anstead Holdings Inc [2012] EWCA Civ 11, [2012] WTLR 1241, at [38] ff (Toulson LJ) (judgment debtor’s capacity to control trustee of a family trust; order to require disclosure).

[2009] UKHL 43, [2010] 1 AC 90.

CIMC Raffles Offshore (Singapore) PTE Ltd v Yantai CIMC Raffles Offshore Ltd [2014] EWHC 1742 (Comm), at [22] (Field J, rejecting at [23] any suggested derogation from this in Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraq Airways Co [2010] EWCA Civ 74 because the latter decision was given in an ex parte context and ‘in great haste’).

CPR 71.8; it must be shown that the judgment debtor has been contamcious, Islamic Investment Co of the Gulf (Bahamas) Ltd v Symphony Gems NV [2008] EWCA Civ 389, at [28] (Rix LJ); circumspection is required, Broomleigh Housing Association Ltd v Okonkwo [2010] EWCA Civ 113, [2011] CPR Rep 4, at [22] ff.

Deutsche Bank AG v Sebastian Holdings Inc (No 2) [2017] EWHC 459 (Comm), [2017] 1 WLR 3056, at [4] to [16] (Teare J).

CPR 81.10(4); Deutsche Bank case, at [27].

CPR 81.10(5); Deutsche Bank case, at [27] to [32].

Deutsche Bank case, at [15] to [21] (Teare J).

CPR Part 84; Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894) (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1894/pdfs/uksi_20131894_en.pdf); Taking Control of Goods (Fees) Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/1); Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, s 62, and schedule 12.

Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894), Reg’s 6 to 8.

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, schedule 12, para 4.

Ibid, para 5(2).

Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894), Reg 6; and on such notice see also Reg’s 7 and 8.

Ibid, Reg’s 20 to 29.

Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894), Reg 20.

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, schedule 12, para 14(6): ‘if the enforcement agent reasonably believes that they are the place, or one of the places, where the debtor–(a) usually lives, or (b) carries on a trade or business.’

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, schedule 12, para 17.

Ibid, para 24.

Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894), Reg 12.

CPR 83.6(1) excludes writs and warrants of control (as defined by s 62(4), Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007) from the general ban (CPR 83.6(3)) upon enforcement of writs and warrants on those days.

Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894), Reg 13.

Ibid, Reg’s 16 to 19.

Ibid, Reg 15.

Ibid, Reg 5 (the bare necessities).

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, schedule 12, para 12(1) and (2).

Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/1894), Part 3.

CPR Part 72; PD (72); on jurisdictional aspects of this topic, T Hartley, ‘Jurisdiction in Conflict of Laws: Disclosure, Third-Party Debt and Freezing Orders’ (2010) 126 LQR 194, 206–9.

CPR 72.1(2); CPR 72.6; CPR 72.10; Alawiye v Mahmood [2006] EWHC 277 (Ch), [2007] 1 WLR 79.

Huntingdon Life Sciences Group plc v Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty [2005] EWHC 2233 (QB).

CPR 72.2(1)(a).

Alawiye v Mahmood [2006] EWHC 277 (Ch), [2007] 1 WLR 79.

CPR 72.2(2).

Kuwait Oil Tanker Company SAK v UBS AG [2003] UKHL 31, [2004] 1 AC 300 (bank account ‘situated’ in Switzerland); Société Eram Shipping Company Ltd v Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd [2003] UKHL 30, [2004] 1 AC 260 (bank account ‘situated’ in Hong Kong); P Rogerson [2003] CLJ 576.

As in the Kuwait case [2003] UKHL, [2004] 1 AC 300.

CPR 72.1(1).

[2012] EWHC 164 (Ch), [2012] 1 WLR 2841, applying s 37(1), Senior Courts Act 1981.

[2012] UKSC 40, [2012] 3 WLR 545, on s 13(4), State Immunity Act 1978.

[2011] EWHC 851 (Ch).

Ibid, at [50].

CPR Part 73; PD (73); Charging Orders Act 1979.

Carnegie v Giessen [2005] EWCA Civ 191, [2005] 1 WLR 2510, CA (English judgment payable in US dollars; valid charging order).

Walton v Allman [2015] EWHC 3325 (Ch), [2016] 1 WLR 2053, at [44] ff (especially at [56] and [57]) (Snowden J).

National Westminster Bank Ltd v Stockman [1981] 1 WLR 67.

Charging Orders Act 1979, s 2(1)(b)(iii).

Charging Orders Act 1979, s 1(5).

Roberts Petroleum Ltd v Bernard Kenny [1983] AC 192, HL.

On the effect of registration, Clark v Chief Land Registrar [1994] Ch 370, CA.

[2016] EWCA Civ 987, [2017] 1 WLR 603.

Charging Orders Act 1979, s 2(2)(a) to (c) respectively; CPR 73, Sections I to III; Boscawen v Bajwa [1996] 1 WLR 328, CA; Banque Financière de la Cité v Parc (Battersea) Ltd [1999] 1 AC 221, HL; for the types of disposition prevented by stop orders, CPR 73.13 (funds in court) and 73.14 (securities); for the types of dealing prevented by stop notices, see CPR 73.18 (securities).

CPR Part 69; PD (69); s 37, Senior Courts Act 1981; ss 38, 107, County Courts Act 1984.

CPR 69.2; on the expenses and remuneration of receivers, Capewell v Customs & Excise Commrs [2007] UKHL 2, [2007] 1 WLR 386.

Soinco SACI v Novokuznetsk Aluminium Plant [1998] QB 406 (Colman J, surveying the case law); see also the UCB Loans case [2011] EWHC 851 (Ch), at 6.13.

Soinco case [1998] QB 406.

Webb v Stenton (1883) 11 QBD 518, 530, CA; approved by Lawrence Collins LJ in Masri v Consolidated Contractors [2008] EWCA Civ 303, [2009] QB 450, at [172].

Manicoll v Parnell (1887) 35 WR 773.

Levermore v Levermore [1979] 1 WLR 1277 (Balcombe J).

Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon (No 6) [1990] 1 WLR 1139, 1150–2, 1155, CA.

[2011] EWHC 851 (Ch), at [49].

Ibid, at [46].

[2008] EWCA Civ 303, [2009] QB 450 at [136] to [184].

Ibid, at [184].

Ibid, at [56].

CPR 83.14.

CPR 82.23.

CPR 83.13; for possession claims CPR Part 55.

CPR 83.26; for possession claims CPR Part 55.

CPR Part 81.

Bibliography, Section 3.3.

Re B (Wrongful Removal: Orders Against Non-parties) [2014] EWCA Civ 843, [2015] Fam 209, at [36] (Sir James Munby P).

Motorola Credit Corporation v Uzan (No 2) [2003] EWCA Civ 752, [2004] 1 WLR 113, at [148] to [156]; Raja v Van Hoogstraten [2004] EWCA Civ 968, [2004] 4 All ER 793; Isaacs v Robertson [1985] AC 97, PC; Bhimji v Chatwani [1991] 1 WLR 989; Wardle Fabrics Ltd v Myristis (G) Ltd [1984] FSR 263.

Raja v Van Hoogstraten [2004] EWCA Civ 968, [2004] 4 All ER 793; Dadourian Group International Inc v Simms [2006] EWCA Civ 1745, [2007] 2 All ER 329.

eg, CPR 31.22; Miller v Scorey [1996] 3 All ER 18; Watkins v AJ Wright (Electrical) Ltd [1996] 3 All ER 31; or breach of undertakings concerning freezing injunctions or civil search orders; Cobra Golf Inc v Rata [1998] Ch 109, 128, 163; see also, Di Placito v Slater [2003] EWCA Civ 1863, [2004] 1 WLR 1605, at [27] ff.

JSC BTA Bank v Solodchenko (No 2) [2011] EWCA Civ 1241, [2012] 1 WLR 350, at [55] and [56]).

[2011] EWCA Civ 1386, [2012] 1 WLR 1988, at [33], [47] (last sentence).

Miller v Scorey [1996] 3 All ER 18; Watkins v AJ Wright (Electrical) Ltd [1996] 3 All ER 31.

Heatons Transport (St Helens) Ltd v Transport and General Workers Union [1973] AC 15, 109, HL; Z Bank v D1 [1974] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 656, Colman J; Director General of Fair Trading v Pioneer Concrete Ltd [1995] 1 AC 456, 478, HL; in Bird v Hadkinson The Times 4 March, 1999, Neuberger J refused to follow the test of deliberate breach adopted in Irtelli v Squatriti [1993] QB 83, CA.

Z Bank v D1 [1994] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 656, Colman J.

Re Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete (No 2) [1995] 1 AC 456, HL Attorney-General’s Reference (No 2) of 1999 [2000] QB 796, CA; Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission [1995] 2 AC 500; R v British Steel plc [1995] 1 WLR 1356; R v Associated Octel Ltd [1996] 1 WLR 1543; R v Gateway Foodmarkets Ltd [1997] ICR 382.

[2014] EWCA Civ 715, [2015] 1 WLR 135.

Ibid, at [60] to [67]; S Gee, Commercial Injunctions (6th edn, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2015), 19-021.

Seaward v Paterson [1897] 1 Ch 545; Elliott v Klinger [1967] 1 WLR 1165; Z Ltd v A-Z and AA-LL [1982] QB 558, CA; Attorney-General v Times Newspapers Ltd [1992] AC 191, HL; Att-Gen v Punch Ltd [2002] UKHL 50; [2003] 1 AC 1046, HL; Jockey Club v Buffham [2002] EWHC 1866 (QB), [2003] QB 462.

100

Attorney-General v Times Newspapers Ltd [1992] AC 191, HL.

101

Para 2.33 of the Report of the Committee on Super-Injunctions (Super-Injunctions, Anonymised Injunctions and Open Justice), on 20 May 2011 http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Reports/super-injunction-report-20052011.pdf.

102

[2003] QB 462; cf Eady J’s so-called final injunction operating contra mundum in OPG v BJM [2011] EWHC 1059 (QB).

103

Hutcheson (formerly WER) v Popdog Ltd (formerly REF) [2011] EWCA Civ 1580, [2012] 1 WLR 782, at [26] (iv)(b).

104

Jockey Club v Buffham [2002] EWHC 1866 (QB), [2003] QB 462.

105

CPR Part 81; Arlidge, Eady and Smith on Contempt (5th edn, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2017); on due process to protect contemnors, Raja v Van Hoogstraten [2004] EWCA Civ 968, [2004] 4 All ER 793, at [106]; Newman v Modern Bookbinders Ltd [2000] 1 WLR 2559, CA; on willingness to commit a contemnor, despite technical procedural defects, Bell v Tuohy [2002] EWCA Civ 423, [2002] 3 All ER 975, at [31] to [59] and Nicholls v Nicholls [1997] 1 WLR 314, 326, CA; on overlapping criminal and civil proceedings, Lomas v Parle [2003] EWCA Civ 1804, [2004] 1 WLR 1642.

106

Director of the Serious Fraud Office v B [2012] EWCA Crim 67, [2012] 1 WLR 3170; Director of the Serious Fraud Office v B (No 2) [2012] EWCA Crim 901, [2012] 1 WLR 3188.

107

Z Bank v D1 [1974] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 656, 660, Colman J.

108

On sequestrators’ potential liability for negligence in the conduct of their administration, IRC v Hoogstraten [1985] QB 1077, CA; Raja v Van Hoogstraten [2007] EWHC 1743 (Ch).

109

CPR 81.19 to 81.27; on the court’s inherent power, Webster v Southwark LBC [1983] QB 698.

110

See the text of Form 71.

111

Mir v Mir [1992] Fam 79 (and see next note).

112

Ibid.

113

Re HM (Vulnerable Adult: Abduction) [2010] EWHC 870 (Fam), [2010] 2 FLR 1057.

114

Harris v Harris [2001] EWCA Civ 1645, [2002] Fam 253, CA, at [12] to [14], noting s 14(1), Contempt of Court Act 1981; duty to release contemnor who has served half of a term of less than 12 months: s 45(3), Criminal Justice Act 1991; in Lexi Holdings plc v Shaid Luqman [2007] EWHC 1508 (Ch), at [182] ff; UK (Aid) Ltd v Martin Mitchell [2007] EWHC 1940.

115

[2011] EWCA Civ 1241, [2012] 1 WLR 350, especially at [55] and [56] (Jackson LJ); sentence of 21 months, see [69] and [70].

116

Bhimji v Chatwani [1991] 1 WLR 989; X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648, 666 and Watkins v AJ Wright (Electrical) Ltd [1996] 3 All ER 31; Bell v Tuohy [2002] EWCA Civ 423, [2002] 3 All ER 975, at [60] to [66].

117

Re Barrell Enterprises [1973] 1 WLR 19, CA.

118

Guildford BC v Valler, The Times 15 October 1993, CA.

119

eg, Adam Phones Ltd v Gideon Goldschmidt (unreported, 9 July 1999) (innocent failure to comply with a court order for delivery up of materials).

120

Miller v Scorey [1996] 3 All ER 18; Watkins v AJ Wright (Electrical) Ltd [1996] 3 All ER 31.

121

Raja v Van Hoogstraten [2004] EWCA Civ 968, [2004] 4 All ER 793, at [81] to [83], [112].

122

Motorola Credit Corporation v Uzan (No 2) [2003] EWCA Civ 752, [2004] 1 WLR 113, at [81] to [83]; Days Healthcare UK Ltd v Pihsiang MM Co Ltd [2006] EWHC 1444 (Comm), [2007] CP Rep 1.

123

CPR 81.31 (on application; but the court can consider this of its own motion, see the Swindon case, at [25], citing CPR 3.3(1), next note).

124

For criticism of a lax approach to this matter, resulting in a dubious decision to order early release of a contemnor from prison, Swindon BC v Webb [2016] EWCA Civ 152, [2016] 1 WLR 3301, at [26] and [37]; Harris v Harris [2001] EWCA Civ 1645, [2002] Fam 253, CA (court lacks power to permit release of contemnor from prison on condition that he does not commit fresh contempt).

125

Duty to release contemnor who has served half of a term of less than 12 months: s 45(3), Criminal Justice Act 1991.

126

R (James) v Governor of Birmingham Prison [2015] EWCA Civ 58, [2015] 1 WLR 4210.

127

[2011] EWHC 2163 (Ch), [2013] Ch 1 (Henderson J).

128

For strong endorsement of the need for imprisonment, on appropriate occasions, JSC BTA Bank v Solodchenko (No 2) [2011] EWCA Civ 1241, [2012] 1 WLR 350, especially at [55] and [56] (Jackson LJ) (reversing [2010] EWHC 2843, [2011] 1 WLR 906, Proudman J).

129

Tarn Insurance Services Ltd v Kirby [2009] EWCA Civ 19, [2009] CP Rep 22; CIBC Mellon Trust Co v Stolzenberg (Sanctions: Non-compliance) [2003] EWHC 13 (Ch), Times, March 3, 2003); JSC BTA Bank v Ablyazov [2011] EWHC 470 (Comm); also on ‘unless’ and ‘debarring’ orders, Marcan Shipping (London) Ltd v Kefelas [2007] EWCA Civ 463, [2007] 1 WLR 1864, [14], [28] to [30], [33] to [36]; noted AAS Zuckerman, ‘How Seriously Should Unless Orders be Taken?’ (2008) 27 CJQ 1–7; see also quotation in Andrews ACP (2013) vol 1, 17.43 n 120, from Marco Gambazzi v Daimler-Chrysler Canada Inc and CIBC Mellon Trust Company (Case C-394/07) [2010] QB 388, ECJ, at [48].

130

[2011] EWCA Civ 544, at [12] and [40].

131

[2012] EWHC 138 (Fam), [2012] Fam 198.

132

For these last two propositions, Masri v Consolidated Contractors International Co SAL [2011] EWCA Civ 898, [2012] 1 WLR 223, construing CPR 52.3(1)(i).

133

[2012] EWCA Civ 639, at [31]; noted C Crifò (2013) 32 CJQ 14.

134

[2011] EWCA Civ 1241, [2012] 1 WLR 350.

135

[2011] EWCA Civ 1386, [2012] 1 WLR 1988, at [34], noting observations of Arden LJ in Dadourian Group Internatioal Inc v Simms (No 2) [2006] EWCA Civ 1745, [2007] 1 WLR 2967, at [16].

Titel: Enforcement of Court Judgments and Orders
verfasst von: Neil Andrews
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Three Paths of Justice
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74831-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-74832-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74832-0_6