Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Ensuring Food Security by Improving “Freshwater Use Efficiency” or by Farming the Seas

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The present chapter discusses water use and food production in a freshwater challenged world with a growing human population. Proposed approaches to ensure food security are multifaceted but simple. First, we need to improve water use efficiency in all food production systems. Second, we need to develop technology to farm dry or semi-arid areas of the world. Third, we should integrate various fields of agriculture and animal husbandry to improve water productivity. Fourth, we should learn to go for proven local technologies rather than glamourous setups that do not work in rural settings. Fifth, we should seriously start working on farming the oceans. Last but not least, we need to invest in education and training. The common thread in all these suggestions is the use of aquaculture to improve food production efficiency. These proposals are not novel ideas but most governments have failed to implement even the simplest of suggestions. However, now that climate change adaptation plans are at the forefront of international discussions, maybe more countries will implement suggestions for water use efficiency improvement summarized in this chapter in order to better ensure sustainable food production.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abdul-Rahman, S., Ghanawi, J., Owaied, M. K., Holail, H., Farajalla, N., Haidar, M., & Saoud, I. P. (2011). Improving water use efficiency in semi-arid regions through integrated aquaculture/agriculture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 23, 212–230.CrossRef Abdul-Rahman, S., Ghanawi, J., Owaied, M. K., Holail, H., Farajalla, N., Haidar, M., & Saoud, I. P. (2011). Improving water use efficiency in semi-arid regions through integrated aquaculture/agriculture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 23, 212–230.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Ahmed, A. A. (2004). Effluents and water quality in Tilapia farms in Kuwait. In Aquaculture–an ecologically sustainable and profitable venture, Book of Abstracts of the Aquaculture 2004 Conference (WAS Conference), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Al-Ahmed, A. A. (2004). Effluents and water quality in Tilapia farms in Kuwait. In Aquaculture–an ecologically sustainable and profitable venture, Book of Abstracts of the Aquaculture 2004 Conference (WAS Conference), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Jaloud, A. A., Hussain, G., Alsadon, A. A., Siddiqui, A. Q., & Al-Najada, A. (1993). Use of aquaculture effluent as a supplemental source of nitrogen fertilizer to wheat crop. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 7, 233–241.CrossRef Al-Jaloud, A. A., Hussain, G., Alsadon, A. A., Siddiqui, A. Q., & Al-Najada, A. (1993). Use of aquaculture effluent as a supplemental source of nitrogen fertilizer to wheat crop. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 7, 233–241.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Alcamo, J., Dronin, N., Endejan, M., Golubev, G., & Kirilenko, A. (2007). A new assessment of climate change impacts on food production shortfalls and water availability in Russia. Global Environmental Changes, 17(3–4), 429–444.CrossRef Alcamo, J., Dronin, N., Endejan, M., Golubev, G., & Kirilenko, A. (2007). A new assessment of climate change impacts on food production shortfalls and water availability in Russia. Global Environmental Changes, 17(3–4), 429–444.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Allan, G. L., Banens, L. B., & Fielder, S. (2001). Developing commercial inland saline aquaculture in Australia: Part 2, Resource Inventory and Assessment, FRDC Project No. 98/335, NSW Fisheries Final Report Series No. 31, NSW, Australia. Allan, G. L., Banens, L. B., & Fielder, S. (2001). Developing commercial inland saline aquaculture in Australia: Part 2, Resource Inventory and Assessment, FRDC Project No. 98/335, NSW Fisheries Final Report Series No. 31, NSW, Australia.
Zurück zum Zitat Arlosoroff, S. (1995). Water resources management within regional cooperation in the Middle East. In: M. Haddad & E. Feitelson (Eds.), The proceedings of the second workshop on joint management of shared aquifers (pp 1–31). Arlosoroff, S. (1995). Water resources management within regional cooperation in the Middle East. In: M. Haddad & E. Feitelson (Eds.), The proceedings of the second workshop on joint management of shared aquifers (pp 1–31).
Zurück zum Zitat Azevedo, C. M. S. B. (1998). Nitrogen transfer using 15 N as a tracer in an integrated aquaculture and agriculture system. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, 105. Azevedo, C. M. S. B. (1998). Nitrogen transfer using 15 N as a tracer in an integrated aquaculture and agriculture system. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, 105.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnett, T., Adam, J., & Lettenmaier, D. (2005). Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 438(7066), 303–309.CrossRef Barnett, T., Adam, J., & Lettenmaier, D. (2005). Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 438(7066), 303–309.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Benemann, J. R. (2008). Opportunities and challenges in algae biofuels production [online]. In J. R. Benemann (Ed.), Line with Algae World 2008, 15. [cited 14 October 2011]. ww.futureenergyevents.com/algae/whitepaper/algae_positionpaper.pdf Benemann, J. R. (2008). Opportunities and challenges in algae biofuels production [online]. In J. R. Benemann (Ed.), Line with Algae World 2008, 15. [cited 14 October 2011]. ww.futureenergyevents.com/algae/whitepaper/algae_positionpaper.pdf
Zurück zum Zitat Berg, H., Michélsen, P., Troell, M., Folke, C., & Kautsky, N. (1996). Managing aquaculture for sustainability in tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Ecological Economics, 18, 141–159.CrossRef Berg, H., Michélsen, P., Troell, M., Folke, C., & Kautsky, N. (1996). Managing aquaculture for sustainability in tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Ecological Economics, 18, 141–159.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Billard, R., & Servrin-Reyssac, J. (1992). The negative impacts of pond fish farming on the environment. In G. Barnabé & P. Kestemont (Eds.), Production, environment and quality (pp. 17–29). Oostende: European Aquaculture Society (EAS). Billard, R., & Servrin-Reyssac, J. (1992). The negative impacts of pond fish farming on the environment. In G. Barnabé & P. Kestemont (Eds.), Production, environment and quality (pp. 17–29). Oostende: European Aquaculture Society (EAS).
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd, C. E., & Thunjai, T. (2003). Concentrations of major ions in waters of inland shrimp farms in China, Ecuador, Thailand, and the United States. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 34, 524–532.CrossRef Boyd, C. E., & Thunjai, T. (2003). Concentrations of major ions in waters of inland shrimp farms in China, Ecuador, Thailand, and the United States. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 34, 524–532.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brummett, R. E. (1997). Farming fish to save water. Bioscience, 47, 402.CrossRef Brummett, R. E. (1997). Farming fish to save water. Bioscience, 47, 402.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brummett, R. E. (2007) Comparative analysis of the environmental costs of fish farming and crop production in arid areas. In D. M. Bartley, C. Brugère, D. Soto, P. Gerber & B. Harvey (Eds.), Comparative assessment of the environmental costs of aquaculture and other food production sectors: Methods for meaningful comparisons (pp 221–228). FAO/WFT Expert Workshop, Vancouver, Canada, 24–28 April 2006. FAO Fisheries Proceedings No. 10, Rome. Brummett, R. E. (2007) Comparative analysis of the environmental costs of fish farming and crop production in arid areas. In D. M. Bartley, C. Brugère, D. Soto, P. Gerber & B. Harvey (Eds.), Comparative assessment of the environmental costs of aquaculture and other food production sectors: Methods for meaningful comparisons (pp 221–228). FAO/WFT Expert Workshop, Vancouver, Canada, 24–28 April 2006. FAO Fisheries Proceedings No. 10, Rome.
Zurück zum Zitat Cajas-Canol, L., & Moffitt, C. M. (2008, September 10). Comparing footprints of trout and beef production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Cajas-Canol, L., & Moffitt, C. M. (2008, September 10). Comparing footprints of trout and beef production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, A., & Russell, B. (2003). Inland prawn farming trail in Australia. Pond Study Tests Penaeus monodon Performance in Low Salinity Ground Water, Global Aquaculture Advocate, 74–75. Collins, A., & Russell, B. (2003). Inland prawn farming trail in Australia. Pond Study Tests Penaeus monodon Performance in Low Salinity Ground Water, Global Aquaculture Advocate, 74–75.
Zurück zum Zitat Crespi, V., & Lovatelli, A. (2011). Aquaculture in desert and arid lands. Development constraints and opportunities. FAO Technical Workshop, Hermosillo, Mexico, 6–9 July 2010. Crespi, V., & Lovatelli, A. (2011). Aquaculture in desert and arid lands. Development constraints and opportunities. FAO Technical Workshop, Hermosillo, Mexico, 6–9 July 2010.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz, E. M., Al-Ameeri, A. A., Al-Ahmed, A. K., & Ridha, M. T. (2000). Partial budget analysis of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured within an existing agricultural farm in Kuwait. Asian Fisheries Science, 3, 97–305. Cruz, E. M., Al-Ameeri, A. A., Al-Ahmed, A. K., & Ridha, M. T. (2000). Partial budget analysis of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured within an existing agricultural farm in Kuwait. Asian Fisheries Science, 3, 97–305.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis, D. A., Boyd, C. E., Rouse, D. B., & Saoud, I. P. (2005). Effects of potassium, magnesium, and age on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared in inland low salinity well waters in West Alabama. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 36(3), 403–406. Davis, D. A., Boyd, C. E., Rouse, D. B., & Saoud, I. P. (2005). Effects of potassium, magnesium, and age on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared in inland low salinity well waters in West Alabama. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 36(3), 403–406.
Zurück zum Zitat Diliman, J. (1989). Water rights in the occupied territories. Journal of Palestine Studies, 19, 46–48.CrossRef Diliman, J. (1989). Water rights in the occupied territories. Journal of Palestine Studies, 19, 46–48.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat D’Silva, A. M., & Maughan, O. E. (1994). Multiple use of water: Integration of fish culture and tree growing. Agroforestry System, 26, 1–7.CrossRef D’Silva, A. M., & Maughan, O. E. (1994). Multiple use of water: Integration of fish culture and tree growing. Agroforestry System, 26, 1–7.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat D’Silva, A. M., & Maughan, O. E. (1996). Optimum density of Red Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepishornorum in a pulsed-flow culture system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 126–129.CrossRef D’Silva, A. M., & Maughan, O. E. (1996). Optimum density of Red Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepishornorum in a pulsed-flow culture system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 126–129.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Doll, P., & Siebert, S. (2002). Global modeling of irrigation water requirements. Water Resources Research, 38(4), 1037–1046.CrossRef Doll, P., & Siebert, S. (2002). Global modeling of irrigation water requirements. Water Resources Research, 38(4), 1037–1046.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Doroudi, M. S., Fielder, D. S., Allan, G. L., & Webster, G. K. (2006). Combined effects of salinity and potassium concentration on Juvenile Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus, Temminck and Schlegel) in inland saline groundwater. Aquaculture Research, 37, 1034–1039.CrossRef Doroudi, M. S., Fielder, D. S., Allan, G. L., & Webster, G. K. (2006). Combined effects of salinity and potassium concentration on Juvenile Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus, Temminck and Schlegel) in inland saline groundwater. Aquaculture Research, 37, 1034–1039.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Doroudi, M. S., Webster, G. K., Allan, G. L., & Fielder, D. S. (2007). Survival and growth of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), a salt-tolerant freshwater species, in inland saline groundwater from Southwestern New South Wales, Australia. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 38, 314–317.CrossRef Doroudi, M. S., Webster, G. K., Allan, G. L., & Fielder, D. S. (2007). Survival and growth of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), a salt-tolerant freshwater species, in inland saline groundwater from Southwestern New South Wales, Australia. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 38, 314–317.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Droogers, P. (2004). Adaptation to climate change to enhance food security and preserve environmental quality: Example for Southern Sri Lanka. Agricultural Water Management, 66(1), 15–33.CrossRef Droogers, P. (2004). Adaptation to climate change to enhance food security and preserve environmental quality: Example for Southern Sri Lanka. Agricultural Water Management, 66(1), 15–33.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Droogers, P., & Aerts, J. (2005). Adaptation strategies to climate change and climate variability: A comparative study between seven contrasting river basins. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C, 30(6–7), 339–346.CrossRef Droogers, P., & Aerts, J. (2005). Adaptation strategies to climate change and climate variability: A comparative study between seven contrasting river basins. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C, 30(6–7), 339–346.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Engle, C. R., Pomerleau, S., Fornshell, G., Hinshaw, J. M., Sloan, D., & Thompson, S. (2005). The economic impact of proposed effluent treatment options for production of trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in flow-through systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 32, 303–323.CrossRef Engle, C. R., Pomerleau, S., Fornshell, G., Hinshaw, J. M., Sloan, D., & Thompson, S. (2005). The economic impact of proposed effluent treatment options for production of trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in flow-through systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 32, 303–323.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Escobar, J., Lora, E., Venturini, O., Yáñez, E., Castillo, E., & Almazan, O. (2009). Biofuels: Environment, technology and food security. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6–7), 1275–1287.CrossRef Escobar, J., Lora, E., Venturini, O., Yáñez, E., Castillo, E., & Almazan, O. (2009). Biofuels: Environment, technology and food security. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6–7), 1275–1287.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat FAO. (2009). How to feed the World in 2050. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. (2009). How to feed the World in 2050. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat Fielder, D. S., Bardsleya, W. J., & Allan, G. L. (2001). Survival and growth of Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus, in saline groundwater from inland New South Wales, Australia. Aquaculture, 201, 73–90.CrossRef Fielder, D. S., Bardsleya, W. J., & Allan, G. L. (2001). Survival and growth of Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus, in saline groundwater from inland New South Wales, Australia. Aquaculture, 201, 73–90.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fielder, D.S., Raizada, S., Chadha, N. K., & Allan, G. L. (2008, August) Development of hatchery and grow out technology for Macrobrachium rosenbergii using saline groundwater in Northern India (pp , 3–6). Skretting Australasian Aquaculture 2008, Brisbane, Australia. Fielder, D.S., Raizada, S., Chadha, N. K., & Allan, G. L. (2008, August) Development of hatchery and grow out technology for Macrobrachium rosenbergii using saline groundwater in Northern India (pp , 3–6). Skretting Australasian Aquaculture 2008, Brisbane, Australia.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer, G., Tubiello, F., van Velthuizen, H., & Wiberg, D. (2007). Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: Effects of mitigation, 1990–2080. Technological Forecasting and Society Change, 74(7), 1083–1107.CrossRef Fischer, G., Tubiello, F., van Velthuizen, H., & Wiberg, D. (2007). Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: Effects of mitigation, 1990–2080. Technological Forecasting and Society Change, 74(7), 1083–1107.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fishelson, L., & Loya, Y. (1969). Experiments on rearing Tilapia-hybrids in brackish water pond near the dead sea. Limnology, 17, 602–610. Fishelson, L., & Loya, Y. (1969). Experiments on rearing Tilapia-hybrids in brackish water pond near the dead sea. Limnology, 17, 602–610.
Zurück zum Zitat Forsberg, J. A., & Neill, W. H. (1997). Saline groundwater as an aquaculture medium: Physiological studies on the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 49, 19–128.CrossRef Forsberg, J. A., & Neill, W. H. (1997). Saline groundwater as an aquaculture medium: Physiological studies on the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 49, 19–128.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Forsberg, J. A., Dorsett, P. W., & Neill, W. H. (1996). Survival and growth of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in saline groundwaters of West Texas, USA. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 462–474.CrossRef Forsberg, J. A., Dorsett, P. W., & Neill, W. H. (1996). Survival and growth of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in saline groundwaters of West Texas, USA. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 462–474.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ghate, S. R., & Burtle, G. J. (1993). Water quality in channel catfish ponds intermittently drained for irrigation. In J. K. Wang (Ed.), Techniques for modern aquaculture (pp. 177–186). St. Joseph: ASAE pub.. Ghate, S. R., & Burtle, G. J. (1993). Water quality in channel catfish ponds intermittently drained for irrigation. In J. K. Wang (Ed.), Techniques for modern aquaculture (pp. 177–186). St. Joseph: ASAE pub..
Zurück zum Zitat Gleick, P. (1992). Water and conflict. In The workshop on environmental change, water resources and international conflict, University of Toronto, June 1991. Gleick, P. (1992). Water and conflict. In The workshop on environmental change, water resources and international conflict, University of Toronto, June 1991.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein, L., & Forster, R. P. (1970). Nitrogen metabolism in fishes. In J. W. Campbell (Ed.), Comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism, The vertebrates (Vol. 2, pp. 495–518). New York: Academic Press. Goldstein, L., & Forster, R. P. (1970). Nitrogen metabolism in fishes. In J. W. Campbell (Ed.), Comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism, The vertebrates (Vol. 2, pp. 495–518). New York: Academic Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Haddad, M., & Mizyed, N. (1996). Water resources in the middle east: Conflict and solutions. In T. Allan (Ed.), The proceedings of the workshop on water peace and the middle east: Negotiating resources of the Jordan River Basin. New York: Tauris Academic Studies. Haddad, M., & Mizyed, N. (1996). Water resources in the middle east: Conflict and solutions. In T. Allan (Ed.), The proceedings of the workshop on water peace and the middle east: Negotiating resources of the Jordan River Basin. New York: Tauris Academic Studies.
Zurück zum Zitat Haddadin, M. (1989, April 4–6). Water resources in the Arab World, and its strategic importance. In The proceedings of the conference on water resources in the Arab World, and its strategic importance. Amman: Jordan University. Haddadin, M. (1989, April 4–6). Water resources in the Arab World, and its strategic importance. In The proceedings of the conference on water resources in the Arab World, and its strategic importance. Amman: Jordan University.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamdy, A., & Lacirignola, C. (1999, March 1–5) Mediterranean water resources: Major challenges towards the 21st century. In International seminar on: Mediterranean water resources: Major challenges towards the 21st century, Cairo (Egypt). Hamdy, A., & Lacirignola, C. (1999, March 1–5) Mediterranean water resources: Major challenges towards the 21st century. In International seminar on: Mediterranean water resources: Major challenges towards the 21st century, Cairo (Egypt).
Zurück zum Zitat Hanjra, M., & Qureshi, M. (2010). Global Water Crisis and Future Food Security in an Era of Climate Change. Food Policy, 35(5), 365–377.CrossRef Hanjra, M., & Qureshi, M. (2010). Global Water Crisis and Future Food Security in an Era of Climate Change. Food Policy, 35(5), 365–377.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hochman, E., & Brill, E. (1994). Fish production in a super-intensive controlled system in the Israeli Desert. In Y. C. Shang, P. S. Leung, C. S. Lee, M. S. Su & I. C. Liao (Eds.), Socioeconomics of aquaculture. Tungkang Marine Laboratory Conference Proceedings (Vol. 4, pp. 281–295). Hochman, E., & Brill, E. (1994). Fish production in a super-intensive controlled system in the Israeli Desert. In Y. C. Shang, P. S. Leung, C. S. Lee, M. S. Su & I. C. Liao (Eds.), Socioeconomics of aquaculture. Tungkang Marine Laboratory Conference Proceedings (Vol. 4, pp. 281–295).
Zurück zum Zitat Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2007). Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management, 21, 35–48.CrossRef Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2007). Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management, 21, 35–48.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ingram, B. A., McKinnon, L. J., & Gooley, G. J. (2002). Growth and survival of selected aquatic animals in two saline groundwater evaporation basins: An Australian case study. Aquaculture Research, 33, 425–436.CrossRef Ingram, B. A., McKinnon, L. J., & Gooley, G. J. (2002). Growth and survival of selected aquatic animals in two saline groundwater evaporation basins: An Australian case study. Aquaculture Research, 33, 425–436.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. In: R. K. Pachauri & A. Reisinger (Eds.), Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. In: R. K. Pachauri & A. Reisinger (Eds.), Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain, A. K., Kumar, G., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2006). Survival and growth of early Juveniles of Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) in inland saline groundwater. Journal of Biology Research, 5, 93–97. Jain, A. K., Kumar, G., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2006). Survival and growth of early Juveniles of Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) in inland saline groundwater. Journal of Biology Research, 5, 93–97.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, P. K., & Tyagi, N. K. (1994). Salt affected and waterlogged soil in India: A review. In: M. Svendsen & A. Gulati (Eds.), Strategic change in Indian irrigation (pp. 237–252). New Delhi/Washington, DC: ICAR/IFPRI. Joshi, P. K., & Tyagi, N. K. (1994). Salt affected and waterlogged soil in India: A review. In: M. Svendsen & A. Gulati (Eds.), Strategic change in Indian irrigation (pp. 237–252). New Delhi/Washington, DC: ICAR/IFPRI.
Zurück zum Zitat Kautsky, N., Berg, H., Folke, C., Larsson, J., & Troell, M. (1997). Ecological footprint assessment of resource use and development in Shrimp and Tilapia aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 28, 753–766.CrossRef Kautsky, N., Berg, H., Folke, C., Larsson, J., & Troell, M. (1997). Ecological footprint assessment of resource use and development in Shrimp and Tilapia aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 28, 753–766.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kolkovski, S., Simon, Y., Hulata, G., & Ayaril, N. (2011). Desert aquaculture. In J. S. Lucas & P. C. Southgate (Eds.), Aquaculture: Farming aquatic animals and plants (2nd ed., pp. 107–125). Oxford: Wiley. Kolkovski, S., Simon, Y., Hulata, G., & Ayaril, N. (2011). Desert aquaculture. In J. S. Lucas & P. C. Southgate (Eds.), Aquaculture: Farming aquatic animals and plants (2nd ed., pp. 107–125). Oxford: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis, W. M., Yoop, J. H., Schramm, J., & Brandesburg, H. L. (1978). Use of hydroponics to maintain quality of recirculated water in fish culture system. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 107, 92–99.CrossRef Lewis, W. M., Yoop, J. H., Schramm, J., & Brandesburg, H. L. (1978). Use of hydroponics to maintain quality of recirculated water in fish culture system. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 107, 92–99.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lovell, T. (1989). Nutrition and feeding of fish. New York: AVI, Van Nostrand Reinhold.CrossRef Lovell, T. (1989). Nutrition and feeding of fish. New York: AVI, Van Nostrand Reinhold.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall, W. S., & Grosell, M. (2006). Ion transport, osmoregulation, and acid–base balance. In D. H. Evans & J. B. Claiborne (Eds.), The physiology of fishes (pp. 177–230). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Marshall, W. S., & Grosell, M. (2006). Ion transport, osmoregulation, and acid–base balance. In D. H. Evans & J. B. Claiborne (Eds.), The physiology of fishes (pp. 177–230). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Zurück zum Zitat McIntosh, D., & Fitzsimmons, K. (2003). Characterization of effluent from an inland, low salinity shrimp farm: what contribution could this water make if used for irrigation? Aquacultural Engineering, 27, 147–156.CrossRef McIntosh, D., & Fitzsimmons, K. (2003). Characterization of effluent from an inland, low salinity shrimp farm: what contribution could this water make if used for irrigation? Aquacultural Engineering, 27, 147–156.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McMichael, A., Powles, J., Butler, C., & Uauy, R. (2007). Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. The Lancet, 370(9594), 1253–1263.CrossRef McMichael, A., Powles, J., Butler, C., & Uauy, R. (2007). Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. The Lancet, 370(9594), 1253–1263.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McMurtry, M. R., Nelson, P. V., Sanders, D. C., & Hodges, L. (1990). Sand culture of vegetables using recirculated aquaculture effluents. Applied Agricultural Research, 5(4), 280–284. McMurtry, M. R., Nelson, P. V., Sanders, D. C., & Hodges, L. (1990). Sand culture of vegetables using recirculated aquaculture effluents. Applied Agricultural Research, 5(4), 280–284.
Zurück zum Zitat McMurtry, M. R., Sanders, D. C., Nelson, P. V., & Nash, A. (1993). Mineral nutrient concentration and uptake by tomato irrigated with recirculating aquaculture water as influenced by quantity of fish waste products supplied. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16, 407–419.CrossRef McMurtry, M. R., Sanders, D. C., Nelson, P. V., & Nash, A. (1993). Mineral nutrient concentration and uptake by tomato irrigated with recirculating aquaculture water as influenced by quantity of fish waste products supplied. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16, 407–419.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McNevin, A. A., Boyd, C. E., Silapajarn, O., & Silapajarn, K. (2004). Ionic supplementation of pond waters for inland culture of marine shrimp. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 35, 460–467.CrossRef McNevin, A. A., Boyd, C. E., Silapajarn, O., & Silapajarn, K. (2004). Ionic supplementation of pond waters for inland culture of marine shrimp. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 35, 460–467.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mourad, N., Kreydiyyeh, S., Ghanawi, J., & Saoud, I. P. (2012). Aquaculture of marine fish in inland low salinity well water: Potassium is not the only limiting element. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 42, 1–12. Mourad, N., Kreydiyyeh, S., Ghanawi, J., & Saoud, I. P. (2012). Aquaculture of marine fish in inland low salinity well water: Potassium is not the only limiting element. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 42, 1–12.
Zurück zum Zitat Naegal, L. C. A. (1977). Combined production of fish and plants in recirculating water. Aquaculture, 10, 17–24.CrossRef Naegal, L. C. A. (1977). Combined production of fish and plants in recirculating water. Aquaculture, 10, 17–24.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., Primavera, J. H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M. C. M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., & Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405, 1017–1024. Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., Primavera, J. H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M. C. M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., & Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405, 1017–1024.
Zurück zum Zitat NRC. (1983). Nutrient requirements of warm-water fishes and shellfishes (Rev. edn.). Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press. NRC. (1983). Nutrient requirements of warm-water fishes and shellfishes (Rev. edn.). Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Olah, J., & Sinha, V. R. P. (1986). Energy costs in carp farming systems. NACA/WP/86/35. Bangkok: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia. Olah, J., & Sinha, V. R. P. (1986). Energy costs in carp farming systems. NACA/WP/86/35. Bangkok: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia.
Zurück zum Zitat Olson, G. L. (1992). The use of trout manure fertilizer for Idaho crops. In J. Blake, J. Donald & W. Magette (Eds.), National livestock, poultry and aquaculture waste management (pp. 198–205). St. Joseph: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE Pub. 03–92. Olson, G. L. (1992). The use of trout manure fertilizer for Idaho crops. In J. Blake, J. Donald & W. Magette (Eds.), National livestock, poultry and aquaculture waste management (pp. 198–205). St. Joseph: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE Pub. 03–92.
Zurück zum Zitat Palada, M., Cole, W., & Crossman, S. (1999). Influence of effluents from intensive aquaculture and sludge on growth and yield of bell peppers. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 14(4), 85–103.CrossRef Palada, M., Cole, W., & Crossman, S. (1999). Influence of effluents from intensive aquaculture and sludge on growth and yield of bell peppers. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 14(4), 85–103.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pant, J., Demaine, H., & Edwards, P. (2005). Bio-resource flow in integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in a tropical monsoonal climate: A case study in Northeast Thailand. Agricultural Systems, 83(2), 203–219.CrossRef Pant, J., Demaine, H., & Edwards, P. (2005). Bio-resource flow in integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in a tropical monsoonal climate: A case study in Northeast Thailand. Agricultural Systems, 83(2), 203–219.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parker, D., Anouti, A., & Dickenson, G. (1990). Integrated fish/plant production system: Experimental results. ERL report 90-34 (pp. 12). Tucson: University of Arizona. Parker, D., Anouti, A., & Dickenson, G. (1990). Integrated fish/plant production system: Experimental results. ERL report 90-34 (pp. 12). Tucson: University of Arizona.
Zurück zum Zitat Partridge, G. J., & Creeper, J. (2004). Skeletal myopathy in Juvenile Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), cultured in potassium-deficient saline groundwater. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 523–530.CrossRef Partridge, G. J., & Creeper, J. (2004). Skeletal myopathy in Juvenile Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), cultured in potassium-deficient saline groundwater. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 523–530.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Partridge, G. J., & Furey, A. (2002, September 16–20). Culturing snapper in Dumbleyung – A case study for determining the potential for inland saline groundwater to grow marine fish in Western Australia. In 8th national conference and workshop on the Productive Use and Rehabilitation of Saline Lands (PURSL), Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia, Promaco, Perth, Australia. Partridge, G. J., & Furey, A. (2002, September 16–20). Culturing snapper in Dumbleyung – A case study for determining the potential for inland saline groundwater to grow marine fish in Western Australia. In 8th national conference and workshop on the Productive Use and Rehabilitation of Saline Lands (PURSL), Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia, Promaco, Perth, Australia.
Zurück zum Zitat Partridge, G. J., & Lymbery, A. J. (2008). The effect of salinity on the requirement for potassium by Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in saline groundwater. Aquaculture, 278, 164–170.CrossRef Partridge, G. J., & Lymbery, A. J. (2008). The effect of salinity on the requirement for potassium by Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in saline groundwater. Aquaculture, 278, 164–170.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Partridge, G. J., Sarre, G. A., Ginbey, B. M., Kay, G. D., & Jenkins, G. I. (2006). Finfish production in a static, inland saline water body using a Semi-Intensive Floating Tank System (SIFTS). Aquacultural Engineering, 35, 109–121.CrossRef Partridge, G. J., Sarre, G. A., Ginbey, B. M., Kay, G. D., & Jenkins, G. I. (2006). Finfish production in a static, inland saline water body using a Semi-Intensive Floating Tank System (SIFTS). Aquacultural Engineering, 35, 109–121.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Piemental, D., Houser, J., Preiss, E., White, O., Fang, H., Mesnick, L., Barsky, T., Tariche, S., Schreck, J., & Alpert, S. (1997) Water resources: Agriculture, the environment and society. Bioscience, 47, 97–106. Piemental, D., Houser, J., Preiss, E., White, O., Fang, H., Mesnick, L., Barsky, T., Tariche, S., Schreck, J., & Alpert, S. (1997) Water resources: Agriculture, the environment and society. Bioscience, 47, 97–106.
Zurück zum Zitat Prangnell, D. I., & Fotedar, R. (2005). The effect of potassium concentration in inland saline water on the growth and survival of the Western King Shrimp, Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 17, 19–34.CrossRef Prangnell, D. I., & Fotedar, R. (2005). The effect of potassium concentration in inland saline water on the growth and survival of the Western King Shrimp, Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 17, 19–34.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pruginin, Y., Fishelson, L., & Koren, A. (1988). “Intensive Tilapia farming in brackish water from an Israeli desert aquifer. In Second international symposium on Tilapia in aquaculture (pp. 75–81). Pruginin, Y., Fishelson, L., & Koren, A. (1988). “Intensive Tilapia farming in brackish water from an Israeli desert aquifer. In Second international symposium on Tilapia in aquaculture (pp. 75–81).
Zurück zum Zitat Rakocy, J. E., Hargreaves, J. A., & Bailey, D. S. (1993). Nutrient accumulation in a recirculating aquaculture system integrated with vegetable hydroponics. In J. K. Wang (Ed.), Techniques for modern aquaculture (pp. 148–158). St. Joseph: ASAE Publication 02–93. Rakocy, J. E., Hargreaves, J. A., & Bailey, D. S. (1993). Nutrient accumulation in a recirculating aquaculture system integrated with vegetable hydroponics. In J. K. Wang (Ed.), Techniques for modern aquaculture (pp. 148–158). St. Joseph: ASAE Publication 02–93.
Zurück zum Zitat Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4, 121–130.CrossRef Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4, 121–130.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenzweig, C., & Parry, M. (1994). Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature, 367, 133–138.CrossRef Rosenzweig, C., & Parry, M. (1994). Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature, 367, 133–138.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Saoud, I. P., & Henry, R. P. (2007). Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival, growth, and respiration of the pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters. Aquaculture, 262(2), 461–469.CrossRef Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Saoud, I. P., & Henry, R. P. (2007). Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival, growth, and respiration of the pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters. Aquaculture, 262(2), 461–469.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Nguyen, T. N., & Saoud, I. P. (2009). Supplementation of chelated magnesium to diets of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(2), 248–254.CrossRef Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Nguyen, T. N., & Saoud, I. P. (2009). Supplementation of chelated magnesium to diets of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(2), 248–254.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saoud, I. P., & Davis, D. A. (2005). Effects of betaine supplementation to feeds of shrimp reared at extreme salinities. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 67, 351–353.CrossRef Saoud, I. P., & Davis, D. A. (2005). Effects of betaine supplementation to feeds of shrimp reared at extreme salinities. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 67, 351–353.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saoud, I. P., Davis, D. A., & Rouse, D. B. (2003). Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture. Aquaculture, 217, 373–383.CrossRef Saoud, I. P., Davis, D. A., & Rouse, D. B. (2003). Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture. Aquaculture, 217, 373–383.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saoud, I. P., Roy, L. A., & Davis, D. A. (2007). Chelated potassium and arginine supplementation in diets of pacific white shrimp reared in low-salinity waters of West Alabama. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69, 265–270.CrossRef Saoud, I. P., Roy, L. A., & Davis, D. A. (2007). Chelated potassium and arginine supplementation in diets of pacific white shrimp reared in low-salinity waters of West Alabama. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69, 265–270.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Seawright, D. E. (1993). A method for investigating nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture-hydroponics system. In: J. K. Wang (Ed.), Techniques for modern aquaculture (pp. 137–147). St. Joseph: ASAE Publication 02–93. Seawright, D. E. (1993). A method for investigating nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture-hydroponics system. In: J. K. Wang (Ed.), Techniques for modern aquaculture (pp. 137–147). St. Joseph: ASAE Publication 02–93.
Zurück zum Zitat Shakeeb-Ur, R., Jain, A. K., Reddy, A. K., Kuman, G., & Raju, K. D. (2005). Ionic manipulation of inland saline groundwater for enhancing survival and growth of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Aquaculture Research, 36, 1149–1156.CrossRef Shakeeb-Ur, R., Jain, A. K., Reddy, A. K., Kuman, G., & Raju, K. D. (2005). Ionic manipulation of inland saline groundwater for enhancing survival and growth of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Aquaculture Research, 36, 1149–1156.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, M., Veth, P., Hiscock, P., & Wallis, L. A. (2008). Global desert in perspective. In M. Smith, P. Veth & P. Hiscock (Eds.), Desert peoples: Archaeological perspectives (pp. 1–14). Blackwell Publishing. Smith, M., Veth, P., Hiscock, P., & Wallis, L. A. (2008). Global desert in perspective. In M. Smith, P. Veth & P. Hiscock (Eds.), Desert peoples: Archaeological perspectives (pp. 1–14). Blackwell Publishing.
Zurück zum Zitat Spash, C. (2007). The economics of climate change impacts à la Stern: Novel and Nuanced or rhetorically restricted? Ecological Economics, 63(4), 706–713.CrossRef Spash, C. (2007). The economics of climate change impacts à la Stern: Novel and Nuanced or rhetorically restricted? Ecological Economics, 63(4), 706–713.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., & de Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Livestock Environment and Development Initiative. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., & de Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Livestock Environment and Development Initiative. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Zurück zum Zitat Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). (1997). Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the World. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). (1997). Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the World.
Zurück zum Zitat Tucker, V. A. (1969). The energetics of bird flight. Scientific American, 220(5), 70–78.CrossRef Tucker, V. A. (1969). The energetics of bird flight. Scientific American, 220(5), 70–78.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Water and Environmental Studies Center (WESC). (1995). Middle east regional study on water supply and demand development. Phase I study report submitted to the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), The An-Najah National University, Nablus. Water and Environmental Studies Center (WESC). (1995). Middle east regional study on water supply and demand development. Phase I study report submitted to the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), The An-Najah National University, Nablus.
Zurück zum Zitat Watten, B. J., & Buch, R. L. (1984). Tropical production of tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in small-scale recirculating water system. Aquaculture, 41, 271–283.CrossRef Watten, B. J., & Buch, R. L. (1984). Tropical production of tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in small-scale recirculating water system. Aquaculture, 41, 271–283.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers. Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
Zurück zum Zitat Zweig, R. D. (1986, May–June). An integrated fish culture hydroponics vegetable production system. Aquaculture Magazine, pp. 34–40. Zweig, R. D. (1986, May–June). An integrated fish culture hydroponics vegetable production system. Aquaculture Magazine, pp. 34–40.
Metadaten
Titel
Ensuring Food Security by Improving “Freshwater Use Efficiency” or by Farming the Seas
verfasst von
Imad Patrick Saoud
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_15