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2014 | Buch

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Crisis

Lessons for Research, Policy and Practice

herausgegeben von: Klaus Rüdiger, Marta Peris Ortiz, Alicia Blanco González

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Über dieses Buch

This book looks at entrepreneurship and innovation as ways out of the economic crisis in Europe and other regions, and examines the main theoretical issues and practices related to this analysis. The volume addresses such questions as: From an institutional perspective, how do economic crisis conditions affect different types of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship? Is it useful for public policymakers and entrepreneurs to understand the basic characteristics of entrepreneurial activity, relations between the institutional environment and entrepreneurship and among entrepreneurship, innovation and social change? Featuring case studies from several industries and countries, and a variety of methodological, theoretical, and empirical approaches, the authors build a compelling narrative on the dynamics of entrepreneurship and innovation as drivers of economic growth and organizational renewal. They demonstrate that the strategic and operational relationships that entrepreneurship creates within and outside the enterprise are a fundamental route for leading and mobilizing economic and social resources that permit innovation at the organizational level and in relationships with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders - in turn, enabling technological innovation, creating new revenue streams through new productive activities and new demand, and ultimately facilitating emergence from economic crisis. The authors consider social, gender, and generational aspects of entrepreneurship, as well as the institutional conditions necessary to promote entrepreneurial activity.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Entrepreneurship and Innovation in a Context of Crisis
Abstract
There is no consensus in the literature on the effects of an economic crisis on entrepreneurial activity. Some authors consider that situations of weak growth, recession, or stagnation may favor discovery of opportunities and innovation; whereas others claim that economic slowdowns have a negative effect on entrepreneurial attitude, reducing discovery of opportunities and investment in innovation. This chapter, by relating entrepreneurs with their experience, specific business management skills and knowledge, their innovation practices, attitude, and perception of opportunities, postulates that entrepreneurs with these characteristics and practices, embodying entrepreneurship in the fullest sense, will maintain an entrepreneurial attitude in situations of economic crisis. The study is based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data which show a positive, significant relationship between this type of entrepreneur and entrepreneurial performance during the economic crisis.
Marta Peris-Ortiz, Vicenta Fuster-Estruch, Carlos Devece-Carañana
Chapter 2. Technological vs. Professional Services and Location Influences on KIBS Innovative Capacity in Times of Crisis
Abstract
This research seeks to ascertain the extent to which the innovative and competitive capacities of knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) companies are influenced by the service type (technological vs. professional) and their respective location (rural vs. urban) in times of crisis. Through recourse to structural equation models, the results demonstrate that innovative capacities are strongly dependent both on the type of service and the respective company location. We found that urban technological KIBS companies display greater innovative capacities and better financial performance than their professional service peers. Furthermore, networks were identified as the key explanatory factor behind these innovative capacities.
João J. M. Ferreira, Mario Raposo, Cristina I. Fernandes
Chapter 3. Antecedents and Consequences of Entrepreneurial Orientation of Spanish Exporting SMEs in Time of Crisis
Abstract
This paper reports the findings of a study to investigate to antecedents—decision maker factors—and consequences—export performance—of export entrepreneurial orientation among a sample of Spanish exporting small and medium enterprise-SMEs. This aim is achieved in the context of the Spanish economic crisis. Responding to the repeated calls in the literature for multidisciplinary research frameworks, the paper examine the relationships between characteristics and values of export managers on export-entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. A sample of 196 exporting SMEs from multiple sectors was analyzed using structural equation modeling—PLS. The findings suggest that: (a) the positive influence of certain features of managers—international experience, language proficiency, specific experience about export activities—and proactive value systems on export-entrepreneurial orientation; (b) the positive influence of export-entrepreneurial orientation on export performance. The paper concludes by offering useful recommendations to export managers.
Antonio Navarro-García, José Luis Coca-Pérez
Chapter 4. Fighting Against the Economic Crisis: Innovation in B-to-B Markets Through Co-creation
Abstract
The special characteristics of industrial markets favour customer involvement in product development. Besides the influence in the development process, its participation fosters opportunities for managers in terms of innovation, value co-creation and customer retention. Based on the social exchange theory and resource-based view, the present research discusses a theoretical model that can promote dynamic capabilities and increase customer retention through value co-creation. The special characteristics of industrial markets favour customer involvement in product development. Besides the direct influence in the development process, participation increases the opportunities open to managers in terms of value co-creation and customer retention.
Michael W. Preikschas, Pablo Cabanelas, Klaus Rüdiger
Chapter 5. Business Start-ups and Innovation: The Effect of the 2008 Economic Crisis
Abstract
This research aims to analyze if innovation, regarded as a distinctive feature of entrepreneurship, is a key element for obtaining satisfactory performance during a recession. The relationships between entrepreneurship and recession are difficult to establish, and there is no consensus in the literature on the effects of recession on entrepreneurial activities. This research has been conducted on four items in the “Individual level data GEM 2009 APS Global” survey. Results show the ineffective trend of innovation strategies in start-ups during times of economic prosperity. However, this negative effect disappears and even becomes positive in situations of economic crisis.
Marta Peris-Ortiz, Francisco de Borja Trujillo-Ruiz, Jose Luis Hervás-Oliver
Chapter 6. Youth Entrepreneurship and Crisis in the Health, Beauty and Sport Sectors
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyse the profiles of young Spanish entrepreneurs, the main reasons driving them to engage in entrepreneurial activities and the obstacles they encounter in three specific sectors: health, beauty and sport. To this end, a survey was produced and circulated among young Spanish entrepreneurs belonging to the principal young entrepreneur associations in Spain. The results have made it possible to determine the profiles of young Spanish entrepreneurs in these three sectors, their principal motivations and the obstacles they have encountered, as well as to provide further information about this significant group.
Alicia Blanco-González, Francisco Díez-Martín, Ana Cruz-Suarez, Alberto Prado-Román
Chapter 7. Proactive Management of Core Competencies, Innovation and Business Performance in a Period of Crisis: The Case of Spain
Abstract
At present, it is known that intangible resources are the drivers of economic growth through innovation; intangibles have become the key resource for generating competitive advantage; what’s more, they are the fundamental source of business value. Numerous authors think that a concrete type of intangible resources, the core competencies, are the key factors that drive innovation and thus are able to be a source of competitive advantage. Nevertheless, there are few studies that analyse the relationship between investments in core competencies and business performance. For that reason, our objective is to test whether the proactive management of core competencies, through the investment into them, is translated into improved results in a period of crisis.
To achieve the aim of our research, a field study has been done, making telephone calls to Spanish companies’ financial managers. Then, their responses and their financial performance have been analysed. It was concluded that firms, whose managers affirm that invest into their core competencies, have outperformed more efficiency and a higher ROA in a period of crisis.
Lidia García-Zambrano, Arturo Rodríguez-Castellanos, Jose-Domingo García-Merino
Chapter 8. Seeking a Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Periods of Economic Recession for SMEs and Entrepreneurs: The Role of Value Co-creation and Customer Trust in the Service Provider
Abstract
A sustainable competitive advantage is obtained when firms have resources that are valuable, rare, and unique. In this sense, building relationships that are valuable for customers and based on trust is a critical requirement for corporate success, especially in situations of economic crisis such as the current one. On the other hand, the greater part of the academic literature coincides in highlighting the positive influence that consumer participation has on the value created in service delivery. In this vein, research stands out which studies the consumer’s role as a value co-creator in the service. However, there are few studies which analyze the consequences of co-creation behavior from the customer perspective. This research means to fill this gap and proposes that there is a direct relationship between value co-creation behavior and the customer’s trust in the firm. The data for the empirical research have been obtained from a sample of regular users of firms in the personal image sector—a sector which is mostly made up of young, self-employed entrepreneurs and microenterprises. The implications for management would stem from the need to foster the customers’ active participation in value creation by adapting actions and processes with this in mind. This can be especially important in the case of small firms and entrepreneurs, forced into seeking a sustainable competitive advantage when facing large corporations.
María-Ángeles Revilla-Camacho, Francisco-José Cossío-Silva, Manuela Vega-Vázquez
Chapter 9. The Role of Social Capital in Family Firms to Explain the Innovation Capabilities in Recession Time: An Empirical Study
Abstract
This chapter investigates the internal social capital of family firms by studying the relationship between a family social capital and organizational innovation during recessions. We predict that the social capital of family members will has a positive effect on firm innovation. We test our hypothesis by sampling respondents serving management functions in Spanish family firms.
Valeriano Sanchez-Famoso, Amaia Maseda
Chapter 10. Managing Innovation During Economic Changes and Crisis: “How Small and Mid-Sized Enterprises React”
Abstract
This article considers the situation of small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) within the European Union during the economic crisis. The purpose is to characterise SMEs of the equipment industry and to localise existing potentials which they can use for new product development as well as to determine how these enterprises currently use these potentials. The analysis illuminates reactions and answers that SMEs of the equipment industry have developed to the global economic changes and crisis during the last years.
Florian Kauf, Jochen Kniess
Chapter 11. Youth and Entrepreneurship in Culture, Fashion and Tourism: Business Development Possibilities in Times of Crisis
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is vital and business opportunities available to the young should be borne in mind by institutions, enterprises and other decision-makers. In an era of new technologies and innovation, young people are particularly well-prepared and many of the new businesses that emerge in today’s knowledge society reflect this important situation, maybe more significant, if we remember the current crisis that we are experiencing. Our cultural and creative industry has great economic potential and is one of the most dynamic in Europe. It therefore makes sense to explore alternatives for the formation of enterprises in this area. Likewise, a key factor is what public and private institutions can do to offer incentives to young people’s initiatives in the fields of cultural and creative activities, fashion and tourism and eliminate the barriers they encounter when attempting to start up and develop these enterprises smoothly.
Jaime Gil-Lafuente, Diana Pérez-Bustamante, Jaime Amaro-Soteras
Chapter 12. Entrepreneurial Orientation and Innovation in a Context of Crisis: Some Relevant Factors in the Case of Family Firms
Abstract
This article analyses how some internal factors inherent to family firms influence the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of small-and-medium (SME) family businesses, which are the most successful type of firms in maintaining jobs in a crisis like the present. In this sense, we predict that a family firm’s image, its willingness to change, and the strategic involvement of its board of directors may positively influence its EO, which is one of the most used strategies among firms against crisis. We test these hypotheses by surveying the CEOs of 232 Spanish SMEs. The results of a structural equation model corroborate our hypotheses.
Unai Arzubiaga, Txomin Iturralde
Chapter 13. Entrepreneurial Risk Without Return? Empirical Evidence from Self-Employed Accountants in Germany
Abstract
Economic theories of entrepreneurship state that the higher risks of self-employment should be compensated by higher profits compared to income earned by those being on the payroll of firms. Yet, this seems not always the case given the evidence provided in this chapter: Self-employed accountants in Germany earn on average less than full-time employees. Only a minority earns higher profits. The evidence is reconciled with economic theory of entrepreneurship through considering situational and preferential causes. Firstly, self-employed accountants face lower risks than other professions; secondly they compensate lower earnings with higher preferences for independence and autonomy. A further factor yet not often considered in entrepreneurship research is the service portfolio offered. Accountants can influence their returns through the services they offer. A significant amount of the respondents chose less profitable services. The paper contributes to the literature on economic analysis of entrepreneurship in providing evidence not available before and on stressing the importance of evaluating peculiarities of professions as well as contexts in order to understand decisions for self-employment.
Robert Rieg
Chapter 14. Innovation Through Total Quality Management Elements, and Customer Loyalty in Spanish Financial Institutions
Abstract
Customer relationship marketing (CRM) and total quality management (TQM) share a common principle that has become particularly important for financial institutions following the 2008 financial crisis: creating customer value to generate customer loyalty. The present study analyzes the relative influence and development levels of the component elements of TQM models on CRM strategies to improve financial institution customer’s loyalty; an issue that has special relevance in a situation of economic crisis. Data gathered by means of a survey sent out to 53 Spanish banks and savings banks shows that, while all TQM components are considered necessary in generating customer loyalty, “customer and market orientation of all business agents and activities” is seen as especially important. The results also showed that there is insufficient development in establishing “human resource management policies,” “process management geared toward continuous improvement,” and on “establishing a system to evaluate results using wide-ranging indicators.”
Carlos del Castillo-Peces, Camilo Prado-Román, Carmelo Mercado-Idoeta, Miguel Prado-Román
Chapter 15. Entrepreneurship and Credit Rationing: How to Screen Successful Projects in this Current Crisis Period
Abstract
The current credit rationing heavily influences entrepreneurship and, more dramatically, the viability of innovation projects. In this context, mechanisms to screen successful projects are of paramount importance for both lenders and entrepreneurs. We present an experiment to test the collateral-interest mechanism of credit screening. Our results confirm that incentive-compatible pairs of collateral-interest rate can distinguish between projects of different success probability, even in moral hazard settings.
C. Mónica Capra, Irene Comeig, Matilde O. Fernández-Blanco
Chapter 16. Profile of Young Entrepreneurs in Spain in Times of Recession
Abstract
According to Spain’s 2011 barometer, 83 % of the Spanish population regards unemployment as Spain’s main problem and thinks that the solution lies in supporting entrepreneurs and jobs for young people. Figures for the evolution of entrepreneurs highlight the influence of age on entrepreneur profiles. This chapter describes the typical young entrepreneur as a single male between 26 and 35 years old. The company is typically the entrepreneur’s own limited company that has been operating in the new technologies industry for over 5 years, has less than ten employees and an annual turnover under €500,000. Finally, most young people become entrepreneurs because it is hard to find employment, and in turn, they have to deal with numerous challenges caused by the economic situation.
Carlos Rueda-Armengot, Sandra Escamilla-Solano, Paola Plaza-Casado
Chapter 17. In Times of Economic Crisis: Innovation With, or Without, R&D Activities? An Analysis of Spanish Companies
Abstract
Analysis of non-R&D innovators—firms that successfully innovate without conducting R&D activities in-house—is an emerging topic in the innovation literature. Surprisingly, little is known about how they differ from R&D innovators. This paper’s goal is to understand those differences and their persistence in times of economic crisis. From analysing 2011 CIS data, results suggest that for non-R&D innovators: (a) the innovation process has been persistent across different time periods, and that, therefore, firms have innovated whatever the environmental economic conditions; (b) the acquisition of equipment, machinery, and software has been the form most used for acquiring knowledge; (c) in times of economic crisis, the non-R&D strategy is strengthened by a high commitment to acquiring ready-to-use knowledge, rather than relying on uncertain R&D activities; that is, in times of crisis, non-R&D innovators invest more intensively in non-R&D activities than do R&D innovators. Non-R&D innovation represents 50 % of innovation in Europe. At times of economic crisis, it is a more suitable, innovation strategy.
Francisca Sempere-Ripoll, Jose-Luis Hervás-Oliver
Chapter 18. A Conceptual Approach to the Dilemma of R&D Integration: Further Insights into the Innovating Entrepreneur’s Toolkit
Abstract
In an age of deep crisis and uncertainty, those entrepreneurs who think of difficulties as chances hold the key for a way out. Innovation, as a result of R&D investing, is one of the items in their toolkit. Unfortunately, even though decision-making on the area of vertical integration has been extensively studied, there is no agreement yet about the effects of uncertainty on the optimal degree of R&D integration. Consequently, entrepreneurs wishing to innovate are missing a sound criterion to choose the governance form for their project.
Some authors claim that the reason for this is that the research conducted so far on the relation between uncertainty and R&D integration is incomplete. We provide further support to this claim by putting forward a model that reconciles the most important results discussed in the available literature. After reviewing the main past contributions available, we highlight the most significant variables driving decision-making on R&D integration in the face of uncertainty, and we discuss their mutual interrelations. We argue why and how specificities comprise key factors in this regard.
Nuria Rodriguez-López, M. Eva Diz-Comesaña
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Crisis
herausgegeben von
Klaus Rüdiger
Marta Peris Ortiz
Alicia Blanco González
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-02384-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-02383-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02384-7