Environment and Sustainable Development

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Wastewater Treatment and Water Analysis

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 1. Progress in Biosynthesized of Silver Nanoparticles as Sustainable Approach for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment

      Mohamad Aizad Mohd Mokhtar, Roshafima Rasit Ali, Nurfatehah Wahyuny Che Jusoh, Zhongfang Lei, Zatil Izzah Tarmizi, Didik Prasetyoko

      Abstract

      Severe effects of water pollution would need to be addressed by utilizing advanced water and wastewater treatment. Due to globalization, organic dyes and emerging contaminants are significant water pollutants that can bring harm to humans and the environment. Nevertheless, conventional treatment is not suitable for removing these pollutants. Photocatalysis is an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and efficient treatment by degrading organic pollutants into harmless by-products, making it a promising technology. Among photocatalysts available, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) show great catalytic and chemically stable nanomaterials. The synthesis of nanoparticles is shifting toward a biological synthesis that is environmentally friendly and avoids hazardous chemicals, leading to the discovery of biosynthesized Ag NPs. Various biomaterials such as plants, fruits, biopolymers, waste, and microorganisms were successfully synthesized Ag NPs via different techniques. The result shows remarkable and significant photocatalytic properties of biosynthesized Ag NPs towards the degradation of organic pollutants from previous studies. Further improving Ag NPs as photocatalysts by lowering the band gap energy and doping with support materials for better recovery are recommended. This review critically discusses the photocatalytic mechanism and the synthesis method of Ag NPs from various biomaterials with photocatalytic properties as a potentially sustainable approach to overcoming water pollution issues with its challenges and recommendations.

   3. Chapter 2. Impact of Onshore Construction Activities on Sea Water Turbidity

      Muhammad Salman Afzal, Furqan Tahir, Sami G. Al-Ghamdi

      Abstract

      Turbidity refers to the presence of suspended particles in water. The increased number of construction and development activities these current times is resulting in increased sediments in water, which reflects higher turbidity. Sunlight is frequently absorbed by turbid water, resulting in a rise in the water's overall temperature and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration. All these conditions put aquatic life under stress. This research's primary focus was sedimentation and suspension turbidity, which is more likely to occur due to onshore construction activities. In the study, samples were collected from various locations of one of Qatar's onshore construction sites and analyzed for turbidity using a portable turbidity meter and a spectrophotometer. A comparison of the obtained data to Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) standards was conducted. The results indicated a significantly increased turbidity in a few sample locations, i.e., at the inlet point of the sedimentation tank, dewatering pipeline, and open excavations of the project site. The study also suggested using sedimentation tanks and silt traps in an onshore construction project to prevent turbid water from being discharged into the sea.

   4. Chapter 3. Characteristics of Natural Organic Matter and Trihalomethanes Formation in the Southern Part of Songkhla Lake Basin

      Kamonnawin Inthanuchit, Kochakorn Sukjan Inthanuchit

      Abstract

      The characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in water sources may be significant for regulating NOM and limiting the production of disinfection by-products. NOM surrogate measures such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV-254), specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), and fluorescence excitation-emission (FEEM) were utilized to evaluate NOM qualities related to trihalomethanes (THMs) generation by chlorination from diverse water sources in the southern part of the Songkhla lake basin (SLB), such as the water sample of the reservoir (n = 3), the water well (n = 2), and the canal (n = 10). The canal had the highest DOC concentration (5.12–5.89 mg/L), followed by the reservoir (2.05–2.32 mg/L) and the well (2.12–2.23 mg/L). The results for the lowest SUVA values indicated that NOM was present in the water well and that aromatic proteins and SMP-like compounds predominated in the canal. The results of FEEM spectroscopy indicated that tryptophan-like chemicals (240 nm_Ex/360 nm_Em and 260 nm_Ex/360 nm_Em) were the predominant DOM in community wastewater discharged into the SLB compared to humic and fulvic acid-like substances (280 nm_Ex/410 nm_Em, 340 nm_Ex/410 nm_Em, 330 nm_Ex/440 nm_Em). The highest concentration of THMs was found in the canal (560–736 μg/L), followed by the water sample from the reservoir (146–390 μg/L), and the lowest concentration was found in the water well (120–312 μg/L). The reservoir had a significantly higher THMs/DOC ratio than the canal and the water well. The mixture of NOM originating from terrestrial and microbiological sources contributed to NOM fractions. Low molecular weight NOM, aromatic proteins, and water soluble microbial metabolites can all be used as reactants to make THM.

   5. Chapter 4. Characterization and Statistical Multivariate Analysis of Potentially Toxic Elements Contamination of Groundwater in Chiniot Area, Punjab Plain, Pakistan

      Mitsuo Yoshida, Mirza Naseer Ahmad, Rashida Sultana

      Abstract

      In the Punjab plain of Pakistan, rapid socio-economic development has occurred using groundwater resources, where the water contamination and deterioration of water quality are concerned. A total of 83 groundwater samples were collected from agricultural/domestic wells in the Chiniot area in the northern region of the Punjab Plain to analyze the trace element composition of the groundwater and to characterize the state of contamination. The groundwater samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. As a result, 29 elements (As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Sr, U, V, W, and Zn) were detected above the detection limit, and 17 elements (As, B, Ba, Br, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, U, and Zn) are potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The concentrations of PTEs are regulated by the criteria of the maximum contaminant level, the secondary maximum contaminant level, or the World Health Organization water guidelines. Among these trace elements, the concentrations of six potentially toxic elements (As, Br, Cd, Cl, Mn, and S) exceeded the reference values. Considering the statistical skewness and kurtosis diagram, 17 elements (Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cr, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, W, and Zn), have relatively low skewness. They are close to a normal distribution and may be produced by the natural equilibrium, without the impact of specific irregular, anthropogenic contaminations. However, the distributions of the other 12 elements deviated significantly from the normal distribution and may have been affected by irregular contamination. Based on a multivariate analysis, the trace element compositions were divided into four clusters: Cluster-1 (Li, K, Sr, Si, Rb, Cr, and U), Cluster-2 (B, S, Mg, Pb, Se, W, Mo, and V), Cluster-3 (Na, As, Ca, Ba, Cl, Br, Ni, Cd, and Sb), and Cluster-4 (Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, and Cu). The sources of Clusters 1 and 2 are unknown; however, they are likely a mixture of long-term natural equilibrium in the groundwater as well as irregular natural and man-made contamination. Cluster-3 was mainly derived from arsenopyrite of meta-volcanic rocks and rock salt in the Precambrian basement. Cluster-4 was likely caused by local mineralization. Based on these analyses, further research on groundwater contamination and migration mechanisms in the study area is proposed. Some of the groundwater in the area are unsuitable for potable (drinking) water, as well as for the continued use as an agricultural water supply, and it is necessary to reconsider the use and development of groundwater resources in the Chiniot area.

   6. Chapter 5. A Systematic Literature Review on Rainwater Quality Influenced by Atmospheric Conditions with a Focus on Bangladesh

      Md. Arif Hossen, M. Salauddin, Mohammad A. H. Badsha

      Abstract

      Rainwater quality is often influenced by atmospheric conditions, roofing materials, meteorological parameters, and their interactions. Data and knowledge on rainwater quality are crucial for the sustainable management of water resources and safeguarding public health. Notwithstanding, while several studies investigated the potential application of rainwater harvesting, detailed investigations on rainwater quality are still limited in Bangladesh. This systematic literature review examines the source apportionment of physicochemical parameters and trace elements in pure rainwater, with a detailed focus on Bangladesh. For the reviewed literature, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were primary heavy metals in rainwater, with their concentrations accounting for around 90% of the total. When examining the association among physicochemical parameters and trace metals, the reviewed works showed that nitrate, sulphate, and acidity of the rainwater samples showed a strong positive correlation with most trace metals, while NH₄⁺ and Cl^– mostly showed negative correlations with the metals. The results of this review study highlighted that further research on the influence of atmospheric conditions on rainwater quality, the presence of heavy metals in rainwater and the relationship between air quality and rainwater composition are still needed to provide a better assessment of the suitability of rainwater as a potable water source for the studied area.

3. Hydrology and Water Resources Management

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 6. Quantification of Flash Flood Runoff Volume Using Morphometric Parameters Towards Sustainability

      Mahmoud M. Mansour, Mahmoud Nasr, Manabu Fujii, Chihiro Yoshimura, Mona G. Ibrahim

      Abstract

      Although flash floods cause severe losses in different aspects of life, they represent a valuable source of fresh water for arid regions suffering from shortages and scarcity of safe water supply. Thus, the investigation of flash flood runoff volume (Rv) is worth more concern. This research is the first to aim at understanding the influence of basin morphometric parameters on generated runoff volume in the ungauged basin using the digital elevation model (DEM), geospatial techniques (ArcGIS), hydrological modeling and regression analysis. The study area is considered an arid region located in the eastern north of Egypt and consists of 56 basins. The derived data for all basins was divided into training and testing data sets. Regression analysis between Rv and each morphometric parameter using the training data set revealed that 12 parameters, with a considerable coefficient of determination (R²) ranging from 0.13 to 0.98 and a significant p-value lower than 0.05, were connected to the Rv data. These equations were used to calculate runoff volume for the testing data set and the result showed a significant agreement with the simulated runoff volume, suggesting reliable models for flash flood runoff volume predictions. Quantifying runoff volume facilitates optimal determination of water harvesting facilities’ capacities and enlarges freshwater resources for achieving sustainable development goal (SDG) 6.

   3. Chapter 7. Application of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) in Reservoir Optimization Operation Under Investigation of Climate Change Impact: A Case Study at Klang Gate Dam, Malaysia

      Vivien Lai, Y. F. Huang, C. H. Koo, Ali Najah Ahmed, Ahmed El-Shafie

      Abstract

      The effectiveness of analyzing large amounts of data that comes with engaging climate change scenarios, for planning advanced reservoir management can be achieved through the use of optimization algorithms. The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is a swarm intelligence algorithm derived following animal-behaviour-based concepts. In Malaysia, specifically at the Klang Gate Dam (KGD), very little organized information has been collected in investigating future reservoir operations considering such climate anomalies and complexities. Hence, this study at the KGD is to assist policymakers in gaining a better knowledge of reservoir operations, and to determine the optimal water releases, during the projected future climate forecasts. The analysis begins with the maximum water temperature demand from 2020 to 2099, in which the data is obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 simulations, which were then applied in this study. In the simulation process, an artificial neural network (ANN) was used. The results were then compared to the WOA in terms of reservoir risk evaluation performance. During the optimization phase, the average storage failure rate for all the RCPs was 34.93%, while during the simulation phase, the average storage failure rate was 97.29%. In terms of managing reservoir operation and storage failure, the WOA performed substantially better (50% more robust than the simulation procedure). In terms of periodic reliability, the shortage periods under RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 yield 1.15 and 9.58%, respectively.

   4. Chapter 8. Development of Cleaner Production Alternatives in Water Management in a Slaughterhouse in Ecuador: A Case Study

      Solange Tite Llerena, Mayra Llerena, Lucrecia Llerena

      Abstract

      This study included the characterization of the stages involved in the productive process of slaughtering cattle and pigs using a flow diagram, as well as the analysis of the quality of the effluents. The objective of the research is to propose specific strategies focused on improving water resource management processes. For this, a situational diagnosis of the area was carried out to identify critical areas and the impacts were evaluated through a cause-effect matrix to determine the actions that have repercussions on the environmental components generating negative effects. The execution of the monitoring of the quality of the effluents demonstrated the evident deficiency in the treatment systems by the Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The parameters such as BOD5, COD and Nitrogen are the main indicators of water quality that demonstrate the limitations of purification systems. As a result, it was identified that the main stages that cause detrimental impacts on water quality were Bleeding and Evisceration. In addition, as part of the strategies of the cleaner production program, it was decided to implement a recirculation system for wastewater from the scalding phase for cleaning facilities, redesign treatment systems and implementation of regulatory water systems. In this last proposal, water consumption was reduced by 20%.

   5. Chapter 9. Analyzing the Impact of Food-Energy-Water Nexus-Based Agricultural Patterns on Regional Water Resources

      Rashi Dhanraj, Yogendra Shastri

      Abstract

      The role of agriculture is crucial in India's food, energy and water (FEW) nexus. The agricultural sector consumes 80% of the total available water. The potential utilization of agricultural residue as feedstock for biofuel has brought concerns over India's water crisis. A study was performed where the optimization model was formulated to generate a trade-off between profit earned by people engaged in biofuel production from the agriculture stage and water consumption. That study generated three cropping patterns CP₁, based on minimizing irrigation consumption; CP₂, based on optimization of ethanol production cost; CP₃, based on maximum profit earned by farmers. The current study used the hydrological model (SWAT) to compare three cropping patterns from the previous study with the region’s actual cropping pattern (Base case). The aim was to verify the trend shown in the earlier study and gain information that could be used to improve the optimization model. The Upper Bhima river basin within the Maharashtra border was used for the case study. The Upper Bhima River basin selection was made as the districts covered in this region are major sugarcane producers in Maharashtra. The SWAT model showed how the presence of different crops impacts the basin's overall evapotranspiration and thus the groundwater aquifer storage. The average annual percolation for the base case was 22.7% higher than the CP₁. The irrigation water consumption was highest for the base case; the irrigation water withdrawal was 2196 m³/ha.

   6. Chapter 10. Categorization of Urban Basin According to the Runoff Depth: Case Study of Katsushika Ward and Edogawa City Basin, Japan

      Mohamed Wahba, Mahmoud Sharaan, Wael M. Elsadek, Shinjiro Kanae, H. Shokry Hassan

      Abstract

      Climate change has a tenacious impact on a large portion of the earth. As a result of that, many urban areas have experienced unrivalled scale of flooding. This research targets classifying an urban basin according to the depth of runoff. In order to estimate the runoff depth, a digital elevation model (DEM) has been delineated using ArcMap to identify the basins, sub-basins, flow direction, and streamlines. Furthermore, the delineated layers were essential to generate a hydrodynamic model via HEC-RAS of the studied area. Accordingly, the exported spatial data together with the precipitation values were utilized to develop a 2D-unsteady flow calculation of the adopted watershed. Consequentially, the runoff depth has been calculated and classified into 10 categories. The results concluded that nearly two-thirds of the study area has been saturated by the estimated runoff. In addition, less than a tenth of the basin has endured more than 500 mm of runoff depth. However, approximately a quarter of the region has experienced nearly 165 mm of the runoff. Eventually, this categorization will significantly help the decision makers to intensify protective measures on the most accumulating points of runoff in the studied watershed.

   7. Chapter 11. ETSim: A Reference Evapotranspiration Estimator and Its Evaluation at the Southern Region of Japan

      Min Yan Chia, Yong Jie Wong, Yuk Feng Huang, Yoshihisa Shimizu, Chai Hoon Koo

      Abstract

      Machine learning models have been applied extensively for reference evapotranspiration estimation (ET_o) for replacing empirical models which are data intensive. However, most of the trained and calibrated machine learning models are only capable of performing local estimation. Therefore, the spatial robustness and applicability of these models have remained major research gaps. In light of these, in this investigation, the authors applied the ETSim estimator, an ET_o estimating framework based on a machine learning ensemble (developed in Peninsular Malaysia) to the southern region of Japan to assess its spatial robustness and applicability. Two models, namely the local and global model of the ETSim estimator were used to estimate the daily and monthly mean ET_o at Ishigaki, Naha and Miyako located on three different islands in southern Japan. The local model could not estimate the daily ET_o of the three testing stations, with the reported mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of more than 100% when meteorological variables other than solar radiation (R_s) were fed as input. On the other hand, the global model performed much better using the input combination with four meteorological variables. The ETSim estimator was also applied to estimate the monthly mean ET_o with a coarser temporal resolution. Despite achieving tremendous improvement, the local model was still unable to provide the monthly mean ET_o estimation satisfactorily. The global model, however, estimated the monthly mean ET_o decently, with the registered MAPE generally below 20%. At the same time, the goodness-of-fit of the global model was maintained above 0.7 for most of the cases. The results suggest that the ETSim estimator framework has suitable components that allow it to be used elsewhere other than at its original location.

4. Solid Waste Management and Waste Valorization

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 12. Performance Evaluation of a Full-Scale Forced Aerated Municipal Solid Waste Composting System: A Case Study in Kalutara, Sri Lanka

      Akifumi Kanachi, Naofumi Sato, Nayana Samaraweera, Layan Gunasekara, Rie Kawanishi, Anurudda Karunarathna

      Abstract

      This paper presented the outcome of a full-scale forced aerated municipal solid waste composting trial conducted to eliminate several issues such as offensive odor, slow degradation and excessive leachate generation often seen in conventional municipal solid waste windrow composting systems. The experiment was carried out in the Mihisaru integrated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management facility at Kalutara, Sri Lanka. The waste composition showed that the partially segregated waste contained approximately 85% organic matter with 75% water, which exerts a higher oxygen requirement during the early decomposition stage. Thus, a full-scale forced aeration system was designed to aerate large piles with approximate dimensions of 15 m long, 2 m height and 4 m width. Two perforated HDPE aeration pipes at 1 m distance were placed along the bottom of each pile and the air was supplied to the waste piles through an industrial blower. The system was installed in three piles. The variations of moisture, flow volumes, air pressure, temperature were daily monitored while the volatile solids changes and compositions of air inside the waste piles were monitored every other week for 3 months. The results revealed that force aeration reduces the amount of anaerobic odor gases and leachate generation. Moreover, it was found that force aeration can reduce the windrow turning requirement by 75%, and the total time required for decomposition is reduced to 50%. The drawback of the static pile aeration system was the larger particle size of matured compost; thus, it is recommended to mechanically shred the waste after the thermophilic decomposition phase and allow it to stabilize under natural convective aeration until maturation.

   3. Chapter 13. A Systematic Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Hazardous Solid Waste Management

      Mohammed H. Alzard, Hilal El-Hassan, Ashraf Aly Hassan, Tamer El-Maaddawy, Omar Najm

      Abstract

      The continuous global development in multiple sectors and rapid urbanization have increased hazardous solid waste production rates. Numerous research studies have been conducted over the years to examine and identify scientific and effective management schemes that can significantly reduce this type of waste, creating a need for additional literature analysis to provide further insight into this area. This paper uses bibliometric analysis to collect and analyze the publications on hazardous solid waste management (HSWM) from 1973 to 2021. The web-based bibliometric analysis tool Biblioshiny was used to analyze the bibliometric information of 1585 publications retrieved from Scopus. The analysis included general characteristics of the research, the contribution of the different research constituents (authors, countries, institutions, and publications) and their social structure, and the authors’ keywords analysis. The results show that 1585 articles were published between 1974 and 2021 in 422 scientific journals covering many subject areas. The contributions to the current research were mainly from developed countries, as they are among the top hazardous solid waste generators. The authors’ keyword analysis showed a significant focus on recycling to manage such waste and minimize the reliance on landfills. The findings of this study provide researchers with an understanding of the current research works and identify the most prolific research constituents, which might prove helpful to scholars seeking collaboration opportunities or simply looking for a starting point in this research field. Additionally, the results would provide practitioners and governments with an evaluation of the relative performance for equitable decision-making.

   4. Chapter 14. Pre-paid System for Waste Minimization and Cost Recovery—A Trial in Gaza Strip, Palestine

      Ali Barhoum, Enas Qandeel, Hatem Abu Hamed, Rawan Tayeh, Suleiman Abu Mfareh, Mitsuo Yoshida

      Abstract

      During the past year, MoLG-JICA Project for Capacity Development in Solid Waste Management in Palestine (Phase-III) conducted a series of pilot projects for solid waste reduction in alliance with the national strategy for solid waste management that aims at implementing sustainable waste management through collaboration with different stakeholders. This paper focuses on the results of an initiative carried out in the southern governorates of Gaza Strip, Palestine, where there was a need for an urgent intervention to solve the problems of a gradual increase of daily generated quantities of municipal waste besides the problem of the irregular payments of the costs of the collection, transporting and disposal services of municipal solid waste, which in turn affects cost recovery by the service provider. The first phase of the initiative targeted waste generation sources; the households, using a simple technique to encourage them to watch the daily generated quantities using designated plastic bags. Along with the public awareness campaign, using different tools and software to control and track the results for 10 months of pilot implementation. The outputs showed that the monthly quantities were slightly reduced but the cost recovery objective couldn’t be achieved in this short period. Recommendations for changing the approaches and widening the targeted circle of households to enhance the outcomes of the project are given for achieving the proposed indicators.

   5. Chapter 15. Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Syzygium Aromaticum and Thymus Vulgaris Extracts Against Some Oral Pathogens

      Abdullah T. Al-Fawwaz, Sajeda N. Al-Barri, Melad F. Al-Khazahila, Nusaiba A. Al-Mashagbah

      Abstract

      A variety of bacterial flora inhabit the oral cavity. It is known that some of these bacteria species can lead to oral illnesses in people. Toothpaste eliminates odor and removes stains. This study investigated the impact of different toothpastes containing silver nanoparticles produced by extracts of medicinal plants on dental caries causing bacteria isolated from human teeth. Clove Syzygium aromaticum was chosen as the plant. Sesquiterpenes (a- and b-calyophyllenes), phenols (eugenol with about 3% of acetyl eugenol and trace amount of esters, alcohols, and ketones make up 81–95% of its chemical composition. Thymus vulgaris contains 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS), thymol, phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle), and these components in that order (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively). The produced AgNPs were examined using FTIR and UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and their antibacterial activity was confirmed when tested on oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms that were present in the oral cavity. The Syzygium aromaticum-AgNPs, with 21.0 ± 1.64 and 17.0 ± 2.5 mm, respectively, and T. vulgaris-AgNPs with 17.0 ± 2.5 and 16.0 ± 1.17 mm, respectively, had the highest inhibition zone, both of these had higher activity when compared to NPs mixed with three different commercial toothpaste. Our findings imply that AgNPs made with clove and thyme can function as potent growth inhibitors in a variety of oral microorganisms. Future studies will reveal the routes of administration and cytotoxic assays, which can help in the medicines for oral health or medical usage.

   6. Chapter 16. Institutional Pressure, Organizational Factors and E-Waste Management Practice: A Study in Telecommunication and Technology Industries

      Hafizah Abd-Mutalib, Che Zuriana Muhammad Jamil, Rapiah Mohamed, Nor Atikah Shafai, Saidatul Nurul Hidayah Jannatun Naim Nor-Ahmad

      Abstract

      The digitalisation era has demonstrated the environmental threat resulting from poor e-waste management. Therefore, this study aims to examine if institutional pressure and organisational factors can be used as determinants of good e-waste management practice. A questionnaire was distributed to the telecommunication and technology industries listed firms of Bursa Malaysia using the survey method. The results reveal that institutional pressure from customers positively and significantly impacts firms’ e-waste management practices. For organisational factors, top management and staff play a significant role in shaping firms’ e-waste management practices. The results from this study may be used to shed some light on the betterment of e-waste management practice, which will lead to achieving environmental sustainability.

   7. Chapter 17. Life Cycle Assessment of Sugarcane Biorefinery Complex in the Indian Context

      Meghana Munagala, Yogendra Shastri

      Abstract

      Sugarcane biorefinery complex has enormous potential to diversify the current product portfolio of the sugar mill, thereby contributing to resiliency against market fluctuations. It also promotes a circular economy and sustainable handling of the waste streams generated during sugar production. This work has developed five configurations of sugarcane biorefinery complex aimed at the production of sugar, ethanol, and a bagasse valorization product (electricity in Configuration-1, Bio-CNG in Configuration-2, lactic acid in Configuration-3, succinic acid in Configuration-4, and xylitol in Configuration-5). The process data for the bagasse valorization route are adapted from both experimental and Aspen Plus® simulation studies. Life cycle assessment framework using OpenLCA 1.10 software and Ecoinvent® database is employed to assess the environmental impacts associated with these configurations. 1 tonne of cane processed in the biorefinery configuration is used as a functional unit. For cradle-to-gate scope, ReCipe(H) methodology and economic allocation method are chosen to evaluate the LCA results. Results showed that Configuration-2 performed better with a GHG impact of 111.08 kg CO₂ eq./t of cane. Configuration-3 that aimed at lactic acid production resulted in higher GHG emissions. Waste valorization strategies envisaged in the current study displayed significant GHG benefits compared to the business-as-usual case. Upon comparison with the business-as-usual scenario that co-produced sugar-ethanol and burned excess bagasse, GHG impact was reduced by 246%, 58%, 79%, 23%, and 56% for Configurations-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively.