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2001 | Buch

Asian Environment and New Development Patterns Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Environment in the 21st Century and New Development Patterns

herausgegeben von: K. Matsushita

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Economic growth after World War II was made possible through dramatic increases in the use of material resources and energy. It is apparent that current development patterns followed by industrialized countries are causing serious environmental problems and that they are neither ecologically nor socially sustainable.
In recent years, many Asian developing countries, which have suffered from poverty for decades, are experiencing high rates of economic growth by introducing material-intensive production and consumption patterns. The globalization trends magnify on a global scale the problems associated with current development patterns.
How can we transform existing economic and social systems into more environmentally benign and sustainable ones? This book presents a number of issues that must be considered whn discussing new development patterns, which are environmentally friendly and socially fair. It covers concepts of new development patterns, new energy and water supply, sustainable agriculture, information technology and environment, information disclosure and poverty alleviation.
Audience: This volume will be of interest to those who are involved in innovative interdisciplinary policy studies on environment and development, particularly in Asia and the Pacific region. Also those who are interested in realizing sustainable development through agriculture, water supply, information technology, chemical industry and sustainability issues in China and India.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Asian Environment and New Development Patterns

Introductory Chapter. Asian Environment and New Development Patterns
Abstract
Agenda 21, adopted at the Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, presented a comprehensive action plan for a sustainable society in the twenty-first century. In particular it sought to eliminate poverty as well as to facilitate a paradigm shift, from the present development path which is based on the wasteful use of resources, to a more sustainable one (UN, 1992). In order to realize the paradigm shift, the methods for putting the agenda into practice must be clarif1ed, and analytical research is needed to suggest strategic policies and to bring them about.
Kazuo Matsushita

New Development Patterns in the 21st Century Society

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Material Cycles and the Formation of an Environmentally Sound Market Economy
Abstract
Humanity must transform its economic systems in which materials flow ‘one-way’ through mass-production, mass-consumption and mass-waste. We must introduce resource-recycling economic systems that put the lowest possible burden on the environment. Economic development must be built on the recognition that our planet has limits and the environment is being degraded. The Zero Emissions approach is a powerful means to achieve these goals. In order to utilize this approach effectively, an environmentally sound market economy is essential.
Tadahiro Mitsuhashi
Chapter 2. Energy and New Development Patterns
Abstract
During the twentieth century, humanity expanded its activities through the application of science and technology. The results are visible through the rapid increase of the global population and the achievement of higher standards of living in industrialized countries. As lifestyles based on mass production and mass consumption become the norm in these countries, the mass consumption of resources and energy has also become chronic. The effects of these trends have not been limited only to those countries; they have also had significant effects upon developing countries. The global population has come to rely on energy in abundance. The need for a large energy supply in turn has made us depend heavily on fossil fuels, which emit carbon dioxide. The risk of global warming caused by the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has therefore become a hot issue of debate.
Haruki Tsuchiya
Chapter 3. Energy and the New Economy
Abstract
Innovation is a key driving force in modern society. Microelectronic technologies provided tremendous innovation at the close of the twentieth century. The technical changes of computer hardware and software have rapidly penetrated into societies. In the United States it is commonly thought that the main thrust of recent economic growth was powered by information technology (IT).
Haruki Tsuchiya
Chapter 4. Impacts of the Information Technology Revolution: Economic Challenges of New Development Patterns
Abstract
This paper is an analysis from the perspective of how the information technology (IT) revolution will affect economic and political systems. The IT revolution represents such a large groundswell in technological innovation that it is called the second industrial revolution; it will define development patterns over the next 50 to 100 years. In that context this paper will discuss in particular the implications of IT for global environmental problems and developing countries.
Yasuhiro Murota
Chapter 5. The Role of Information Disclosure in Corporate Governance: The Case of the Chemical Industry
Abstract
The corporate world is in an extraordinary state of flux. A combination of rapid technological change and economic liberalization have revolutionized ‘old’ sectors like finance and telecommunications, kept up the pace of change in the always dynamic computer industry and given birth to whole new areas of activity like biotechnology. These changes have led to the proliferation of new companies and the rapid growth of many old ones. This increasingly complex and powerful corporate world finances most of the world’s economic activities, creates the vast majority of its pollution and trains and employs a large share of its workforce.
Cindy Termorshuizen
Chapter 6. Sustainable Water Strategies for New Development Patterns
Abstract
Communities throughout the world face problems related to water. The problems vary only in degree and include such concerns as droughts and floods, drying up of springs and groundwater, eutrophication of lakes and ponds, pollution of rivers, contamination of groundwater, and unsafe drinking water.
Makoto Murase
Chapter 7. Toward Sustainable Agriculture and Development
Abstract
Agenda 21, the Action Plan for Sustainable Development for humanity, adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit, defines in Chapter 14 the major objectives of “Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development” (SARD) as being to increase food production in a sustainable way and enhance food security.
Takeshi Hara

New Development Patterns and Regionality

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. New Development Patterns in Asia
Abstract
Four point six billion years have passed since the Earth was born in space and two million years have passed since humanity appeared. It is no exaggeration to say that this planet, which has been the beautiful home and source of survival for humanity, is now threatened.
Shinji Fukukawa
Chapter 9. New Development Patterns in India
Abstract
India is a country of striking contrasts and immense ethnic, linguistic, and cultural diversity. There are more than 1,600 languages, nearly 400 of which are spoken by more than 200,000 people.’ Many of the 25 states that make up India’s federation are larger than most countries. Thirteen states have more than 20 million people, six have populations of 60 million, three exceed 80 million, and one has more than 140 million people. These states differ vastly in terms of their natural resources, administrative capacity, and economic performance.2 As a whole, India covers a land area of about three million square kilometers, roughly one third that of the United States (GoI 1998).
Hari Srinivas
Chapter 10. New Development Patterns and Innovation in China’s Environmental Policy
Abstract
There is certainly no doubt that in the twentieth century humanity achieved accomplishments in almost every field of activity. It is therefore completely understandable that people were full of euphoria and pride as the new century dawned. On the other hand, however, in some specific aspects of human development such as the status of our natural resources and the condition of our environment, our situation is much more questionable and our excitement more restrained.
Zhang Kun, Xia Guang

New Development Patterns and International Development

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. International Development at the Dawn of the 21st Century
Abstract
The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) is a completely new international organization dedicated to facilitating and supporting human development through environmentally beneficial strategies. An inescapable irony in the timing of the establishment in 1997 is that its birth coincided with a time when global turbulence, instability and discontinuity were probably greater than they have been at any time since the early years of the 1930s. With almost no exceptions, all other international development organizations were established in a much earlier period of relative continuity and stability, in the ‘age of internationalism’ that had been constructed in the years immediately following 1945. The political and intellectual leaders of the post-war period had been formed by the traumas of economic depressions and World Wars and had united in the common cause of ‘never again’ allowing them to be repeated.
Keith Bezanson
Chapter 12. Enjoy it by Giving it up — Toward Sustainable Development Patterns
Abstract
Present development patterns raise questions about their sustainability. We see environmental degradation and ecological destruction all around us. The global commons are being overloaded. The ozone layer hole, the climate change threat, the pollution of oceans and the extinction of many species are facts we cannot ignore. With increasing population and growing prosperity, the present development patterns will further stress our environment. These patterns seem to be environmentally unsustainable.
Kirit S. Parikh
Chapter 14. New Development Patterns in Asia — Securing Economic Growth, Social Justice, Healthy Environment, Sustainable Human Development and Good Governance in the 21st Century
Abstract
Since the early 1980s the governments of most countries in Asia, under increasing pressure caused by economic globalisation, focused their national priorities on ensuring macroeconomic stability and growth by accelerating economic reforms, including deregulation, shifting to free market economies, and trade/investment liberalisation. They did this far more aggressively than their previous governments had done during the 1960s and 1970s. Major fiscal, financial and corporate reforms, together with public administration and political reforms, have been introduced to varying degrees, with varying success. Economic growth and globalisation, however, have not succeeded in restraining the on-going deterioration of conditions such as income distribution, poverty, environment and human development issues and governance.
Ryokichi Hirono
Afterword
Abstract
This book is the second of a series by IGES. The individuals involved its preparation would be delighted if it stimulates thinking about the future of the environment and new forms of development, as humanity stands at the dawn of the twenty-first century.
Kazuo Matsushita
Metadaten
Titel
Environment in the 21st Century and New Development Patterns
herausgegeben von
K. Matsushita
Copyright-Jahr
2001
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-015-9670-1
Print ISBN
978-90-481-5617-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9670-1