Introduction
Methodology
The Census Data
-
White British: The dominant group (some 49 % of the London total)
-
White Irish: Those claiming Irish citizenship and/or ancestry
-
White Other: A heterogeneous category comprising those claiming citizenship and/or ancestry of a wide range of countries, including the rest of Europe, much of the British Commonwealth, and the United States of America
-
Black Africans: a heterogeneous group mainly consisting of those with either East or West African ancestry
-
Black Caribbeans5
-
Indian
-
Pakistani
-
Bangladeshi
-
Chinese
-
White and Black Caribbean
-
White and Black African
-
White and Asian
Model Specification and Estimation
Why Model?
A Two-Level Model for OAs
Multiscale Modeling
Spatial Modeling of Segregation
Model Estimation
Ethnic Residential Segregation in London, 2011
Scale | DIC | ΔDIC |
---|---|---|
OA | 1,635,526 | –– |
+LSOA | 1,625,241 | –10,285 |
+LSOA & MSOA | 1,623,016 | –2,225 |
+LSOA & MSOA & Borough | 1,622,704 | –312 |
Ethnic Group/Scale | V | 2.5 % CI | 97.5 % CI | Ethnic Group/Scale | V | 2.5 % CI | 97.5 % CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White British | Indian | ||||||
Borough | 0.306 | 0.132 | 1.030 | Borough | 1.179 | 0.705 | 1.905 |
MSOA | 0.198 | 0.111 | 0.743 | MSOA | 0.364 | 0.326 | 0.407 |
LSOA | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.028 | LSOA | 0.088 | 0.080 | 0.096 |
OA | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.029 | OA | 0.294 | 0.285 | 0.304 |
White Irish | Pakistani | ||||||
Borough | 0.293 | 0.174 | 0.498 | Borough | 1.827 | 1.108 | 2.972 |
MSOA | 0.101 | 0.091 | 0.113 | MSOA | 0.495 | 0.441 | 0.566 |
LSOA | 0.031 | 0.026 | 0.036 | LSOA | 0.125 | 0.109 | 0.141 |
OA | 0.158 | 0.152 | 0.165 | OA | 0.753 | 0.727 | 0.781 |
White Other | Bangladeshi | ||||||
Borough | 0.436 | 0.267 | 0.709 | Borough | 3.443 | 2.025 | 5.835 |
MSOA | 0.099 | 0.090 | 0.110 | MSOA | 0.627 | 0.525 | 0.950 |
LSOA | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.031 | LSOA | 0.250 | 0.220 | 0.284 |
OA | 0.085 | 0.083 | 0.088 | OA | 1.566 | 1.508 | 1.626 |
White and Black Caribbean | Chinese | ||||||
Borough | 0.294 | 0.174 | 0.483 | Borough | 0.288 | 0.172 | 0.483 |
MSOA | 0.188 | 0.167 | 0.216 | MSOA | 0.246 | 0.218 | 0.275 |
LSOA | 0.074 | 0.065 | 0.084 | LSOA | 0.107 | 0.095 | 0.121 |
OA | 0.338 | 0.325 | 0.351 | OA | 0.588 | 0.568 | 0.610 |
White and Black African | Black African | ||||||
Borough | 0.263 | 0.156 | 0.441 | Borough | 0.664 | 0.403 | 1.101 |
MSOA | 0.187 | 0.163 | 0.216 | MSOA | 0.512 | 0.453 | 0.611 |
LSOA | 0.076 | 0.065 | 0.088 | LSOA | 0.147 | 0.136 | 0.158 |
OA | 0.551 | 0.528 | 0.574 | OA | 0.354 | 0.344 | 0.363 |
White and Asian | Black Caribbean | ||||||
Borough | 0.142 | 0.087 | 0.233 | Borough | 1.011 | 0.595 | 1.685 |
MSOA | 0.039 | 0.033 | 0.046 | MSOA | 0.402 | 0.358 | 0.475 |
LSOA | 0.031 | 0.025 | 0.037 | LSOA | 0.098 | 0.090 | 0.106 |
OA | 0.291 | 0.279 | 0.303 | OA | 0.246 | 0.238 | 0.254 |
Arab | |||||||
Borough | 1.423 | 0.872 | 2.323 | ||||
MSOA | 0.285 | 0.250 | 0.327 | ||||
LSOA | 0.138 | 0.120 | 0.160 | ||||
OA | 0.770 | 0.740 | 0.799 |
Within Ethnic Group: Between Scales
Ethnic Group/Scale | MRR | 2.5 % CI | 97.5 % CI | Ethnic Group/Scale | MRR | 2.5 % CI | 97.5 % CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White British | Indian | ||||||
Borough | 1.695 | 1.414 | 2.633 | Borough | 2.817 | 2.228 | 3.731 |
MSOA | 1.529 | 1.374 | 2.278 | MSOA | 1.778 | 1.724 | 1.838 |
LSOA | 1.166 | 1.163 | 1.173 | LSOA | 1.327 | 1.310 | 1.344 |
OA | 1.173 | 1.173 | 1.176 | OA | 1.677 | 1.664 | 1.692 |
White Irish | Pakistani | ||||||
Borough | 1.676 | 1.489 | 1.960 | Borough | 3.630 | 2.729 | 5.178 |
MSOA | 1.354 | 1.333 | 1.378 | MSOA | 1.956 | 1.884 | 2.050 |
LSOA | 1.183 | 1.166 | 1.198 | LSOA | 1.401 | 1.370 | 1.431 |
OA | 1.461 | 1.450 | 1.473 | OA | 2.288 | 2.255 | 2.323 |
White Other | Bangladeshi | ||||||
Borough | 1.877 | 1.637 | 2.233 | Borough | 5.871 | 3.886 | 10.016 |
MSOA | 1.350 | 1.331 | 1.372 | MSOA | 2.128 | 1.996 | 2.534 |
LSOA | 1.173 | 1.166 | 1.183 | LSOA | 1.611 | 1.564 | 1.663 |
OA | 1.321 | 1.316 | 1.327 | OA | 3.299 | 3.226 | 3.375 |
White and Black Caribbean | Chinese | ||||||
Borough | 1.677 | 1.489 | 1.940 | Borough | 1.668 | 1.485 | 1.940 |
MSOA | 1.512 | 1.477 | 1.558 | MSOA | 1.605 | 1.561 | 1.649 |
LSOA | 1.296 | 1.275 | 1.318 | LSOA | 1.366 | 1.342 | 1.393 |
OA | 1.741 | 1.723 | 1.760 | OA | 2.078 | 2.052 | 2.106 |
White and Black African | Black African | ||||||
Borough | 1.631 | 1.458 | 1.884 | Borough | 2.176 | 1.832 | 2.721 |
MSOA | 1.511 | 1.470 | 1.558 | MSOA | 1.979 | 1.900 | 2.108 |
LSOA | 1.301 | 1.275 | 1.327 | LSOA | 1.442 | 1.422 | 1.461 |
OA | 2.030 | 2.000 | 2.060 | OA | 1.764 | 1.750 | 1.777 |
White and Asian | Black Caribbean | ||||||
Borough | 1.433 | 1.325 | 1.585 | Borough | 2.609 | 2.087 | 3.449 |
MSOA | 1.207 | 1.189 | 1.227 | MSOA | 1.831 | 1.770 | 1.930 |
LSOA | 1.183 | 1.163 | 1.201 | LSOA | 1.348 | 1.331 | 1.364 |
OA | 1.673 | 1.655 | 1.691 | OA | 1.605 | 1.593 | 1.617 |
Arab | |||||||
Borough | 3.120 | 2.437 | 4.280 | ||||
MSOA | 1.664 | 1.611 | 1.725 | ||||
LSOA | 1.425 | 1.392 | 1.465 | ||||
OA | 2.310 | 2.272 | 2.346 |
MRR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Scale | Low <1.5 | Small 1.5–2.0 | Medium 2.0–4.2 | Large 4.2< |
Borough | 1 | 7 | 4 | 1 |
MSOA | 1 | 7 | 4 | 1 |
LSOA | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
OA | 3 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
Within Scale: Between Ethnic Groups
Borough | Segregation Level (variance) | MSOA | Segregation Level (variance) | LSOA | Segregation Level (variance) | OA | Segregation Level (variance) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bangladeshi | 3.443 | Bangladeshi | 0.627 | Bangladeshi | 0.250 |
Bangladeshi
|
1.566
|
Pakistani | 1.827 | BAfrican | 0.512 | BAfrican | 0.147 | Arab | 0.770 |
Arab
|
1.423
| Pakistani | 0.495 | Arab | 0.138 |
Pakistani
|
0.753
|
Indian | 1.179 | BCaribbean | 0.402 | Pakistani | 0.125 | Chinese | 0.588 |
BCaribbean | 1.011 |
Indian
|
0.364
| Chinese | 0.107 |
White–BA
|
0.551
|
BAfrican | 0.664 | Arab | 0.285 | BCaribbean | 0.098 | BAfrican | 0.354 |
White Other
|
0.436
|
Chinese
|
0.246
| Indian | 0.088 |
White–BC
|
0.338
|
White–BC | 0.294 | White–BC | 0.188 | White–BA | 0.076 | Indian | 0.294 |
Chinese | 0.288 |
White–BA
|
0.187
|
White–BC
|
0.074
|
White–Asian
|
0.291
|
White–BA | 0.263 | White British | 0.124 | White Irish | 0.031 |
BCaribbean
|
0.246
|
White Irish | 0.241 | White Irish | 0.101 | White–Asian | 0.031 |
White Irish
|
0.158
|
White British | 0.186 |
White Other
|
0.099
| White Other | 0.028 |
White Other
|
0.085
|
White–Asian | 0.142 | White–Asian | 0.039 | White British | 0.026 | White British | 0.029 |
Cross-Group Correlations
WB | WI | WO | WBC | WBA | WA | I | P | Ba | C | BA | BC | A | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Borough/MSOA | |||||||||||||
White British | 1.0 | --- | –– | –– | –– | –– |
–0.56
|
–0.68
|
–0.62
| –– |
–0.51
|
–0.44
|
–0.41
|
White Irish | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– |
0.47
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
White Other | –– |
0.48
| 1.0 | –– | –– |
0.47
| –– | –– | –– |
0.58
| –– | 0.50 | |
White–BC |
–0.42
| –– |
0.43
| 1.0 |
0.80
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
0.41
| –– |
0.72
|
0.81
| –– |
White–BA | –– | –– | –– |
0.57
| 1.0 | –– | –– | –– |
0.48
| –– |
0.83
|
0.76
|
0.53
|
White–Asian | –– |
0.53
|
0.59
| –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
Indian | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 |
0.71
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
Pakistani |
–0.45
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
0.51
| 1.0 |
0.57
| –– | –– | –– | –– |
Bangladeshi | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– |
0.65
|
0.62
|
0.47
|
Chinese | –– | –– |
0.44
|
––
|
––
|
0.42
| –– | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– |
Black African |
–0.40
| –– | –– |
0.57
|
0.64
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 |
0.82
|
0.53
|
BCaribbean |
–0.44
| –– | –– |
0.68
|
0.58
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
| –– |
0.65
| 1.0 |
0.42
|
Arab |
–0.42
| –– |
0.55
|
––
|
––
|
0.53
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 |
LSOA/OA | |||||||||||||
White British | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
–0.48
| –– | –– |
White Irish |
0.47
| 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
White Other | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
White–BC | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
0.46
| –– |
White–BA | –– | –– | –– | 0.58 | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
White–Asian | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
Indian | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
Pakistani |
–0.41
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
0.52
| 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
Bangladeshi |
–0.44
| –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– | –– |
Chinese | –– | –– |
0.43
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
0.44
| –– | –– | 1.0 | –– | –– | –– |
Black African |
–0.43
| –– | –– |
0.68
|
0.66
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
0.58
| –– | 1.0 |
0.42
| –– |
Black Caribbean | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
0.78
| 1.0 | –– |
Arab | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– | –– |
0.40
| –– | –– |