The chapter outlines the development of the EU’s cyber diplomacy and links it to the recent policy papers on the Indo-Pacific. Cyber diplomacy needs an all-in approach, accelerating cooperation to meet the challenges of cyber at the nexus of security and technology. It can make an essential contribution to strategic autonomy. Prime partners are in the Indo-Pacific in promoting digital governance and standard setting, to assure a global, open, free, stable and secure cyberspace for continued prosperity and protection of fundamental human rights in cyberspace. Cyber diplomacy fulfils three major functions: it supports externally the EU’s internal policies; protects the interests of the EU and the relevant stakeholders; and gives the EU through the Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox an offensive instrument to defend its interest more effectively. South Korea has an interest to participate in multilateral restrictive measures/sanctions especially when faced with attributable attacks by major forces.
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Shaun Riordan and Mario Torres Jarrín, Global Policy Perspective Report: Cyberdiplomacy (Salamanca-Stockholm: European Institute of International Studies, 2020), 4, http://www.ieeiweb.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cyberdiplomacy_enero.pdf .
These sectors are energy, transport, banking, financial market infrastructures, health, drinking water, waste water, digital infrastructure, public administration, space.
Annegret Bendiek and Matthias Kettemann, “Revisiting the EU Cybersecurity Strategy: A Call for EU Cyber Diplomacy,” SWP Comment no. 16 (February 2021), https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2021C16/.