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2023 | Buch

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

EU Policy and Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Related Technologies - The AI Act

verfasst von: Nikos Th. Nikolinakos

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Law, Governance and Technology Series

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) kann unserer Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft nützen, bringt aber auch neue Herausforderungen mit sich und wirft rechtliche und ethische Fragen auf. Laut dem Verfasser dieser umfassenden Analyse ist es zwingend erforderlich, sicherzustellen, dass künstliche Intelligenz in einem angemessenen rechtlichen und regulatorischen Rahmen entwickelt und angewandt wird, der Innovation und Investitionen fördert und gleichzeitig die mit bestimmten Verwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz verbundenen Risiken anspricht. Dieses Buch ist für das Verständnis der Beziehung zwischen Politik und Recht unverzichtbar und zeichnet die Entwicklung der EU-Politik zu künstlicher Intelligenz und Robotik nach, wobei der Schwerpunkt insbesondere auf dem ethischen Rahmen der EU für künstliche Intelligenz liegt, der Vertrauen als Voraussetzung für die Gewährleistung eines menschenzentrierten Ansatzes definiert. Der Hauptteil des Buches bietet eine gründliche und systematische Analyse des 2021 von der Kommission vorgeschlagenen KI-Gesetzes, der harmonisierte Regeln für die Entwicklung, Markteinführung und Nutzung künstlicher Intelligenz in der EU festlegt. Der Verfasser vergleicht das von der Kommission vorgeschlagene KI-Gesetz sorgfältig mit den zahlreichen "Kompromissvorschlägen" des Rates der Europäischen Union, die zur endgültigen Fassung des KI-Gesetzes (allgemeiner Ansatz) des Rates und seiner formellen Verabschiedung am 6. Dezember 2022 führen. Der Verfasser untersucht auch die von den zuständigen Ausschüssen und politischen Gruppen des Europäischen Parlaments vorgeschlagenen Änderungen mit außerordentlicher Detailgenauigkeit und enthüllt die Position, die das Parlament in den bevorstehenden Verhandlungen mit der Kommission und dem Rat über den Text des AI-Gesetzes einnehmen wird. Zahlreiche legislative und politische Dokumente werden detailliert vorgestellt, wobei die Analyse auch die Kommentare aller interessierten Parteien berücksichtigt (z. Europäische Kommission, Rat der Europäischen Union, Europäisches Parlament, Regierungsorganisationen, zuständige nationale Behörden und Interessengruppen / Akteure mit unterschiedlichen / widersprüchlichen Interessen (wie Unternehmen, Unternehmens- und Verbraucherverbände, Zivilgesellschaft und andere gemeinnützige Organisationen). Im Zuge seiner eingehenden Analyse wird dieses Buch den Lesern entscheidende Einblicke in die Gründe für die unterschiedlichen Ansätze der europäischen Institutionen und die oft widersprüchlichen Interessen der Beteiligten geben. Da die politischen Argumente sorgfältig ausgewogen und sorgfältig formuliert sind, wird sich dieser Band als Referenzquelle etablieren, die in den kommenden Jahren konsultiert werden kann.
Mit KI übersetzt

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction: The Evolution of EU Policy and Law for Artificial Intelligence—Launching a European Initiative on Artificial Intelligence

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction: Benefits/Opportunities and Threats/Risks of AI—Structure of this Book
Abstract
“Like the steam engine or electricity in the past, AI is transforming our world, our society and our industry. Growth in computing power, availability of data and progress in algorithms have turned AI into one of the most strategic technologies of the twenty-first century. The stakes could not be higher. The way we approach AI will define the world we live in. Amid fierce global competition, a solid European framework is needed”. “Now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence (“AI”) seem to be poised to unleash a new industrial revolution, which is likely to leave no stratum of society untouched, it is vitally important for the legislature to consider its legal and ethical implications and effects, without stifling innovation”. “The hallmarks of this new industrial age are the accelerated pace of economic, societal and environmental transformations as well as technological breakthroughs in areas like robotics, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, energy systems and bio-economy. Automation, enabled by information technologies, is transforming traditional manufacturing processes and the nature of work”.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos
Chapter 2. Launching a European Initiative on Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
This Chapter traces the evolution of the EU policy on Artificial Intelligence, especially in 2017 and 2018, and discusses the main policy documents which set the tone for the European AI strategy. AI can benefit the whole of society and the economy but also brings with it new challenges and raises legal and ethical questions. It is imperative, therefore, to ensure that AI is developed and applied in an appropriate legal and regulatory framework which promotes innovation and, at the same time, respects the EU’s values and guarantees a high level of safety/security, data protection, and ethical standards. The EU strategy placed people at the centre of the development of AI (human-centric AI) and proposed a three-pronged approach, namely: (i) to boost the EU’s technological/industrial capacity and competitiveness; (ii) to prepare for socio-economic changes associated with AI (ensuring that no one is left behind in the digital transformation); (iii) to ensure that Europe will have an appropriate ethical and legal framework to deal with AI development and deployment, based on the Union’s values and in line with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. The EU strategy on AI set out the ambitious vision of advancing as well as regulating artificial intelligence, offering, inter alia, some solid preliminary insights as to the policy options and what the forthcoming EU framework for AI might include. It put forward trust/safety/security as a prerequisite to ensure a human-centric approach to AI. Artificial Intelligence should serve people, aiming at increasing human well-being and benefiting people and society as a whole. The power of AI should be placed at the service of human progress, human dignity, freedom, pluralism, justice, and equality.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos

The EU Ethical Framework for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence

Frontmatter
Chapter 3. Ethical Principles for Trustworthy AI
Abstract
This chapter covers the guiding ethical principles which should be based on the EU’s ‘human-centric’ approach to AI that is respectful of European values and principles. The chapter discusses five ethical principles (“ethical imperatives”) and their correlated values that must be respected in the development, deployment and use of AI systems. These ethical principles are: (i) respect for human autonomy; (ii) prevention of harm (non-maleficence); (iii) fairness/justice; (iv) explicability; (v) the principle of beneficence (‘do only good’), i.e., the principle of creating AI technology that is beneficial to humanity. It is explained that EU policy-makers have chosen to remain faithful to the EU’s cultural preferences and higher standard of protection against the risks posed by AI, building on the existing regulatory framework and ensuring that European values are at the heart of creating the right environment of trust for the successful development and use of AI. The overall aim of the ethics guidelines is—apart from establishing an ethical level playing field across all Member States as well as offering guidance on how to foster and secure the development of ethical AI systems—to bring a European ethical approach to the global stage, i.e. to stimulate discussion of ethical frameworks for AI “at a global level” and, therefore, to build an international consensus on AI ethics guidelines.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos
Chapter 4. Realising Trustworthy AI: Implementation of the Key Ethical Requirements
Abstract
This chapter addresses seven key ethical requirements—applicable to developers, deployers, end-users—that AI applications should respect (during the AI systems’ entire life cycle) to be considered trustworthy (and stakeholders could opt to follow when they are developing, deploying or using AI systems in the EU). It also discusses the methods to realise trustworthy AI, i.e., it presents the assessment list that offers guidance on the key ethical requirement’s practical implementation (operationalising/assessing trustworthy AI).
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos

Shifting from a Soft-Law Approach Towards a Legislative Process: Setting Out Options on How to Address the Risks for Fundamental Rights and Safety

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. A European Approach to Excellence and Trust: The 2020 White Paper on Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that, although a soft-law approach was initially adopted with the publication of the non-binding 2019 Ethics Guidelines, the EU decided to shift towards a legislative approach and called for the adoption of a new EU regulatory framework on artificial intelligence. It underlines that the ethical guidelines and the existing laws which are applicable to AI systems were not considered by the Commission to be sufficient to address the risks posed by the development and deployment of AI. Therefore, the legislative framework should be improved by adjusting or clarifying existing legislation. Alongside the possible adjustments to and clarifications of existing legislation, the Commission considered that a new legislation specifically on artificial intelligence was needed to make the EU legal framework fit for the current and forthcoming technological and commercial developments. The White Paper on AI reaffirmed that “AI should work for people and be a force for good in society”, set out the Commission’s vision of advancing as well as regulating AI, confirmed that a new regulatory framework on AI will be adopted, and offered specific insights about the core elements of the forthcoming new AI regime. The guiding principles of the White Paper are the creation of ecosystems of excellence (“the Policy Framework”) and of trust (“the Regulatory Framework”). Although the White Paper on AI did not set out a concrete framework for new AI legislation, it did set out the Commission’s key priorities in that regard. A new regulatory framework specifically for AI (“effective” and “not excessively prescriptive”) was considered to be necessary, following a risk-based approach, ensuring that the regulatory intervention is proportionate and sufficiently flexible to accommodate technological progress while also precise enough to provide legal certainty.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos
Chapter 6. The European Parliament’s 2020 Resolution: Proposal for a Regulation on Ethical Principles for the Development, Deployment and Use of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Related Technologies
Abstract
This chapter examines the European Parliaments’ 2020 Resolution on a framework of ethical principles and legal obligations for the development, deployment and use of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies. With this legislative initiative, the Parliament urged the Commission to present a new legal framework (the AI Regulation/Act) outlining the ethical principles and legal obligations to be followed when developing, deploying and using artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies in the EU. In line with the White Paper on AI and the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, the Parliament’s proposal for a Regulation on AI was premised on several guiding principles and obligations to be imposed in relation to “high-risk” sectors and high-risk uses and purposes that entail a risk of breach of fundamental rights and safety rules. Those guiding principles and obligations included a human-centric, human-made and human-controlled AI (guaranteeing full human oversight); an impartial, regulated and external ex-ante risk assessment based on concrete and pre-defined criteria; features to ensure safety, transparency and accountability; safeguards against bias and discrimination; the right to challenge the introduction or ongoing use of a AI system and to seek remedies for a violation of rights; social responsibility and environmental sustainability; respect for privacy and fundamental rights.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos

The Emerging EU Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Boosting Excellence in AI: The 2021 Coordinated Plan with Member States
Abstract
This short chapter describes the 2021 update of the Coordinated Plan on AI which builds on the strong collaboration between the Commission and Member States established during the 2018 Coordinated Plan. It outlines the necessary policy changes and investment at Member States level to strengthen Europe’s leading position in the development of human-centric, sustainable, secure, trustworthy, and inclusive AI. The aim of the Coordinated Plan is to guarantee the safety and fundamental rights of people and businesses, while strengthening AI uptake, investment and innovation across the EU. It is aligned with the Commission’s digital and green twin priorities, and puts forward a vision to boost investments in AI and to act on AI strategies for their timely implementation.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos
Chapter 8. The Proposed Artificial Intelligence Act and Subsequent ‘Compromise’ Proposals: Commission, Council, Parliament
Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough and systematic analysis of the Commission’s proposed AI Act which set harmonised rules for the development, placement on the market and use of AI systems in the EU following a proportionate risk-based approach. The proposed AI Act must be reviewed and adopted by the European Parliament and Member States before it comes into effect and, to this end, the Commission’s proposed AI Act is being discussed by the co-legislators (the main decision-making bodies of the EU), i.e., the European Parliament (“the Parliament”) and the Council of the European Union (“the Council”). This chapter compares the Commission’s proposed AI Act with the Council’s numerous “compromise” proposals (from November 2021 to December 2022) which attempted to find a common position between Member States. The Council’s AI Act final version (general approach) of 11 November 2022 received unanimous approval from the Committee of Permanent Representatives on 18 November 2022, and its formal adoption by EU ministers took place at the Telecom Council meeting on 6 December 2022. This chapter also takes into account the European Parliament’s views on all major and controversial issues, revealing the position the European Parliament is likely to adopt in the forthcoming negotiations with the Commission and the Council on the text of the AI Act. It covers the process of preparing the Parliament’s compromise proposal, taking account of the comments/amendments which were submitted by political groups represented in the European Parliament and which set the tone for future discussions and political negotiations in order to reach a majority via compromises.
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos
Metadaten
Titel
EU Policy and Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Related Technologies - The AI Act
verfasst von
Nikos Th. Nikolinakos
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-27953-9
Print ISBN
978-3-031-27952-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27953-9