Background
Methods
Aims of the study
Study participants
Data
WEMWBS and SWEMWBS
Demographic, socio-economic, health and health behaviour data
Statistical analysis
Establishing Norms (research question 1)
Criterion validity (research question 2)
Similarities in association with social and health variables (research question 3)
Relative validity (research question 4)
Results
Norms
N
| Mean | SD | 10th | 15th | 50th | 85th | 90th | Effect size (ES) |
p value |
p value for one-unit change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All men | 11,948 | 23.67 | 3.92 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | |||
Age group | |||||||||||
16–24 | 1143 | 23.57 | 3.61 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | Reference | ||
25–34 | 2366 | 23.53 | 3.57 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | ||
35–44 | 1998 | 23.43 | 3.86 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) | ||
45–54 | 2107 | 23.45 | 3.99 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) | ||
55–64 | 2054 | 23.82 | 4.03 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | ||
65–74 | 1821 | 24.52 | 4.19 | 19.25 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.25 (0.17, 0.33) | ||
75+ | 1208 | 23.82 | 4.41 | 29.31 | 23.67 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 0.08 (−0.01–0.16) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Index of multiple deprivation | |||||||||||
Least | 2653 | 24.08 | 3.75 | 19.25 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
2nd | 2588 | 23.83 | 3.66 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.02) | ||
3rd | 2534 | 23.63 | 3.89 | 18.59 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.06) | ||
4th | 2204 | 23.65 | 4.02 | 19.25 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.15 (−0.21, −0.09) | ||
Most | 1969 | 23.08 | 4.25 | 17.98 | 18.59 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.30 (−0.36, −0.23) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Education | |||||||||||
Degree or higher | 3098 | 24.31 | 3.58 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
Below degree | 6473 | 23.55 | 3.85 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.20 (−0.24, −0.20) | ||
No qualification | 2361 | 23.10 | 4.46 | 17.98 | 18.59 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.22 (−0.26, −0.18) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Income quintiles | |||||||||||
Highest | 2321 | 24.30 | 3.57 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
2nd | 2306 | 23.97 | 3.54 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.04) | ||
3rd | 2011 | 23.76 | 3.77 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.14 (−0.20, −0.08) | ||
4th | 1800 | 23.39 | 4.11 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.24 (−0.30, −0.17) | ||
Lowest | 1486 | 22.59 | 4.36 | 17.43 | 17.98 | 22.35 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.45 (−0.52, −0.38) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Region | |||||||||||
North East | 1001 | 23.40 | 4.09 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | Reference | ||
North West | 1633 | 23.48 | 4.10 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.8) | ||
Yorkshire and The Humber | 1150 | 23.51 | 4.00 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.11) | ||
East Midlands | 1119 | 23.74 | 3.90 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | ||
West Midlands | 1228 | 23.41 | 3.94 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.00 (−0.09, 0.08) | ||
East of England | 1336 | 23.74 | 3.80 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.09 (0.00, 0.17) | ||
London | 1274 | 23.97 | 4.02 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.13 (0.04, 0.21) | ||
South East | 1939 | 23.89 | 3.73 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.13 (0.05, 0.21) | ||
South West | 1268 | 23.61 | 3.74 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) |
p = 0.0018 | n/a |
Ethnicity | |||||||||||
White | 10,829 | 23.59 | 3.87 | 18.59 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | Reference | ||
Mixed | 119 | 24.04 | 3.80 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.05 (0.11, −0.20) | ||
Asian | 652 | 24.08 | 4.16 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.15 (0.05, 0.21) | ||
Black | 260 | 25.24 | 4.33 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 25.03 | 30.70 | 30.70 | 0.37 (0.24, 0.49) | ||
Other | 70 | 24.22 | 4.37 | 17.98 | 19.25 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 28.13 | 0.15 (0.11, 0.41) |
p < 0.001 | n/a |
Self-rated health | |||||||||||
Very good | 3948 | 24.87 | 3.66 | 20.73 | 21.54 | 25.03 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
Good | 5098 | 23.66 | 3.62 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.32 (−0.36, −0.36) | ||
Fair | 2072 | 22.39 | 3.94 | 17.98 | 18.59 | 22.35 | 26.02 | 27.03 | −0.67 (−0.072, −0.61) | ||
Bad | 634 | 20.24 | 4.03 | 15.84 | 16.36 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 25.03 | −1.25 (−1.34, −1.15) | ||
Very bad | 195 | 19.32 | 4.08 | 14.75 | 15.84 | 18.59 | 23.21 | 24.11 | −1.52 (−1.69, −1.35) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Limiting longstanding illness | |||||||||||
None | 6828 | 24.08 | 4.24 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | Reference | ||
Longstanding illness | 2391 | 24.13 | 3.91 | 19.25 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.06) | ||
Limiting longstanding illness | 2723 | 22.00 | 3.69 | 16.88 | 17.98 | 21.54 | 26.02 | 27.03 | −0.54 (−0.60, −0.49) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
N
| Mean | SD | 10th | 15th | 50th | 85th | 90th | Effect size (ES) |
p value |
p value for one-unit change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All women | 15,221 | 23.59 | 3.99 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | |||
Age group | |||||||||||
16–24 | 1540 | 23.17 | 3.86 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | Reference | ||
25–34 | 2282 | 23.68 | 3.80 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.13 (0.07, 0.19) | ||
35–44 | 2682 | 23.46 | 3.89 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.14) | ||
45–54 | 2840 | 23.31 | 3.88 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.11) | ||
55–64 | 2431 | 23.95 | 4.10 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.21 (0.15, 0.27) | ||
65–74 | 1964 | 24.26 | 4.31 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 30.70 | 0.29 (0.22, 0.35) | ||
75+ | 1482 | 23.59 | 4.23 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 28.13 | 23.21 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.20) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Index of multiple deprivation | |||||||||||
Least | 3348 | 23.95 | 3.81 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
2nd | 3256 | 23.87 | 3.83 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01) | ||
3rd | 3198 | 23.69 | 4.01 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 29.31 | −0.08 (−0.13, −0.04) | ||
4th | 2828 | 23.37 | 3.96 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.19 (−0.24, −0.14) | ||
Most | 2591 | 22.93 | 4.32 | 17.98 | 18.59 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.28 (−0.33, −0.23) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Education | |||||||||||
Degree or higher | 3607 | 24.26 | 3.62 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
Below degree | 8352 | 23.46 | 3.96 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.19 (−0.22, −0.15) | ||
No qualification | 3245 | 23.15 | 4.40 | 17.98 | 18.59 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 29.31 | −0.15 (−0.19, −0.10) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Income quintiles | |||||||||||
Highest | 2478 | 24.35 | 3.69 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
2nd | 2701 | 24.02 | 3.66 | 19.98 | 20.73 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.2) | ||
3rd | 2512 | 23.64 | 3.88 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.18 (−0.23, 0.12) | ||
4th | 2497 | 23.24 | 4.06 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.28 (−0.33, −0.22) | ||
Lowest | 2276 | 22.59 | 4.37 | 17.43 | 18.59 | 22.35 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.45 (−0.51, −0.39) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Region | |||||||||||
North East | 1324 | 23.03 | 3.93 | 17.98 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 27.03 | Reference | ||
North West | 1982 | 23.58 | 4.17 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 29.31 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.20) | ||
Yorkshire and The Humber | 1480 | 23.46 | 4.10 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.11 (0.03, 0.18) | ||
East Midlands | 1440 | 23.45 | 3.97 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.10 (0.20, 0.17) | ||
West Midlands | 1504 | 23.33 | 3.94 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.07 (−0.0, 0.15) | ||
East of England | 1672 | 23.70 | 4.02 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.17 (0.10, 0.25) | ||
London | 1706 | 23.79 | 4.00 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.18 (0.10, 0.25) | ||
South East | 2517 | 23.81 | 3.91 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.27) | ||
South West | 1596 | 23.67 | 3.83 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | 0.16 (0.08, 0.24) |
p < 0.001 | n/a |
Ethnicity | |||||||||||
White | 13,778 | 23.56 | 3.94 | 18.59 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | Reference | ||
Mixed | 165 | 23.43 | 4.15 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 23.21 | 28.13 | 28.13 | −0.06 (−0.22,0.10) | ||
Asian | 784 | 23.92 | 4.36 | 18.59 | 19.25 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.13) | ||
Black | 361 | 24.12 | 4.39 | 18.59 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 29.31 | 29.31 | 0.17 (0.05, 0.29) | ||
Other | 102 | 23.38 | 4.34 | 18.59 | 18.59 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 29.31 | −0.04 (−0.25, 0.18) |
p = 0.1037 | n/a |
Self-rated health | |||||||||||
Very good | 5021 | 24.88 | 3.80 | 19.98 | 21.54 | 25.03 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
Good | 6457 | 23.66 | 3.67 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 23.21 | 27.03 | 28.13 | −0.32 (−0.36, −0.29) | ||
Fair | 2782 | 22.08 | 3.87 | 17.98 | 18.59 | 21.54 | 26.02 | 27.03 | −0.71 (−0.76, −0.67) | ||
Bad | 722 | 20.34 | 3.92 | 15.84 | 16.88 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 25.03 | −1.19 (−1.28, −1.11) | ||
Very bad | 236 | 19.59 | 4.73 | 15.32 | 15.32 | 19.25 | 24.11 | 25.03 | −1.42 (−1.56, −1.27) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Limiting longstanding illness | |||||||||||
None | 8653 | 24.09 | 4.18 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | Reference | ||
Longstanding illness | 2700 | 24.02 | 3.80 | 19.25 | 19.98 | 24.11 | 28.13 | 29.31 | −0.02 (−0.06, −0.02) | ||
Limiting longstanding illness | 3859 | 22.05 | 3.81 | 17.43 | 17.98 | 21.54 | 26.02 | 27.03 | −0.52 (−0.56, −0.48) |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Criterion validity
SWEMWBS | WEMWBS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N
|
ρ
|
N
|
ρ
| |
Self-rated health | 27,165 | −0.33*** | 26,613 | −0.36*** |
Limiting longstanding illness | 27,154 | −0.21*** | 26,602 | −0.23*** |
GHQ12a
| 11,688 | −0.52*** | 11,386 | −0.52*** |
Happiness scaleb
| 12,952 | 0.53*** | 12,661 | 0.56*** |
EQ-VAS Scalec
| 17,978 | 0.40*** | 17,559 | 0.42*** |
Variables (reference category) | Low versus medium | High versus medium | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SWEMWBS | WEMWBS | SWEMWBS | WEMWBS | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Sex (Men) | 1 | 1 | ||
Women | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) |
Age group (16–24) | ||||
25–34 |
1.25 (1.05–1.50)
|
1.30 (1.08–1.56)
| 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.85 (0.70–1.05) |
35–44 |
1.47 (1.23–1.76)
|
1.63 (1.35–1.96)
| 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) |
45–54 |
1.30 (1.08–1.57)
|
1.57 (1.30–1.91)
| 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) |
55–64 | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 1.06 (0.86–1.31) |
1.58 (1.27–1.98)
|
1.45 (1.16–1.80)
|
65–74 |
0.77 (0.59–0.99)
| 0.80 (0.61–1.04) |
2.10 (1.63–2.70)
|
1.90 (1.49–2.43)
|
75+ | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) |
2.09 (1.59–2.75)
|
1.88 (1.44–2.44)
|
General health (very good) | ||||
Good |
1.85 (1.65–2.08)
|
1.95 (1.73–2.20)
|
0.54 (0.50–0.59)
|
0.53 (0.48–0.58)
|
Fair |
4.33 (3.78–4.95)
|
4.80 (4.16–5.54)
|
0.35 (0.31–0.40)
|
0.31 (0.27–0.36)
|
Bad/very bad |
9.51 (8.05–11.23)
|
11.86 (10.00–14.06)
|
0.21 (0.16–0.28)
|
0.19 (0.14–0.26)
|
Marital status (single) | 1 | 1 | ||
Married/cohabitees |
0.69 (0.61–0.77)
|
0.63 (0.55–0.71)
|
1.15 (1.00–1.32)
| 1.11 (0.97–1.27) |
Separated/widowed/divorced | 0.88 (0.75–1.02) | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 1.01 (0.86–1.20) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) |
Ethnic group (White) | 1 | 1 | ||
Mixed | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) |
0.56 (0.36–0.87)
| 1.39 (0.98–1.99) | 1.31 (0.91–1.89) |
Asian | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) |
1.56 (1.28–1.91)
|
1.48 (1.21–1.81)
|
Black |
0.68 (0.51–0.92)
| 0.77 (0.57–1.04) |
2.25 (1.77–2.87)
|
2.25 (1.73–2.93)
|
Other | 1.09 (0.69–1.72) | 1.04 (0.67–1.62) | 1.26 (0.76–2.10) | 1.55 (0.88–2.72) |
Education (degree or higher) | 1 | 1 | ||
Below degree |
1.23 (1.10–1.37)
|
1.23 (1.09–1.38)
| 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) |
No qualification |
1.42 (1.23–1.64)
|
1.38 (1.19–1.60)
| 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) |
Economic activity (in employment) | 1 | 1 | ||
ILO unemployed |
1.34 (1.12–1.61)
|
1.32 (1.09–1.59)
| 0.92 (0.74–1.16) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) |
Retired | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) |
1.17 (1.01–1.34)
|
1.21 (1.04–1.40)
|
Other economically inactive |
1.51 (1.34–1.71)
|
1.52 (1.34–1.72)
| 1.11 (0.96–1.29) |
1.17 (1.01–1.36)
|
Equivalised income quintile (highest) | 1 | 1 | ||
2nd | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) |
0.87 (0.77–0.98)
|
3rd | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) |
4th |
1.31 (1.11–1.54)
|
1.30 (1.10–1.53)
| 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) |
Lowest |
1.48 (1.26–1.73)
|
1.49 (1.26–1.76)
| 0.88 (0.74–1.03) | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) |
Body mass index (normal) | 1 | 1 | ||
Underweight | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 1.14 (0.82–1.60) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 0.90 (0.60–1.35) |
Overweight | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) |
Obese | 0.91 (0.80–1.02) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) |
1.22 (1.09–1.37)
|
1.14 (1.01–1.28)
|
Morbidly obese | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) |
1.66 (1.29–2.13)
| 1.24 (0.94–1.63) |
Fruit and Vegetable intake (5 or more portions/day) | 1 | 1 | ||
3 to <5 portions/day | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 1.01 (0.90–1.15) |
0.85 (0.76–0.95)
|
0.87 (0.78–0.97)
|
1 to <3 portions/day |
1.18 (1.05–1.33)
|
1.22 (1.08–1.37)
|
0.78 (0.69–0.89)
|
0.73 (0.64–0.82)
|
<1 portions/day |
1.43 (1.22–1.67)
|
1.54 (1.31–1.81)
|
0.76 (0.63–0.93)
|
0.76 (0.63–0.93)
|
Alcohol drinking (non-drinker) | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate |
0.87 (0.79–0.97)
|
0.82 (0.74–0.92)
|
0.85 (0.77–0.94)
|
0.86 (0.77–0.95)
|
Excess | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) |
0.84 (0.74–0.95)
| 0.90 (0.80–1.02) |
Heavy episodic | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) |
0.81 (0.72–0.93)
|
0.84 (0.73–0.96)
|
Smoking (never smoker) | 1 | 1 | ||
Ex-smoker | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) |
Current smoker |
1.28 (1.15–1.41)
|
1.26 (1.13–1.40)
| 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) |
Relative validity
SWEMWBS correlation with WEMWBS | SWEMWBS correlation with 7 items from WEMWBS not included | SWEMWBS and WEMWBS categories | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted kappa | ||||||
N
|
ρ
| Agreement % | Kappa coefficient | 95% CI | ||
All | 26,617 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.22 | 0.843 | (0.84–0.85) |
Sex | ||||||
Men | 11,707 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.69 | 0.839 | (0.83–0.85) |
Women | 14,910 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.75 | 0.846 | (0.84–0.86) |
Age group | ||||||
16–24 | 2650 | 0.95*** | 0.83*** | 97.42 | 0.816 | (0.79–0.84) |
25–34 | 3837 | 0.94*** | 0.83*** | 97.97 | 0.839 | (0.82–0.85) |
35–44 | 4616 | 0.95*** | 0.86*** | 97.95 | 0.852 | (0.84–0.87) |
45–54 | 4861 | 0.96*** | 0.87*** | 97.80 | 0.847 | (0.84–0.86) |
55–64 | 4399 | 0.96*** | 0.87*** | 97.84 | 0.854 | (0.81–0.87) |
65–74 | 3680 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.50 | 0.835 | (0.82–0.85) |
75+ | 2574 | 0.95*** | 0.84*** | 97.24 | 0.836 | (0.08–0.85) |
Index of multiple deprivation | ||||||
Least | 5922 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 98.05 | 0.850 | (0.84–0.86) |
2nd | 5727 | 0.95*** | 0.84*** | 97.66 | 0.823 | (0.81–0.84) |
3rd | 5623 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.73 | 0.843 | (0.83–0.86) |
4th | 4923 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.56 | 0.835 | (0.82–0.85) |
Most | 4422 | 0.96*** | 0.87*** | 97.54 | 0.856 | (0.84–0.87) |
Education | ||||||
Degree or higher | 6624 | 0.95*** | 0.84*** | 98.00 | 0.833 | (0.82–0.84) |
Other | 14,574 | 0.95*** | 0.86*** | 97.74 | 0.842 | (0.83–0.85) |
None | 5386 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 97.34 | 0.847 | (0.84–0.86) |
Income quintiles | ||||||
Highest | 4749 | 0.95*** | 0.84*** | 92.50 | 0.846 | (0.82–0.86) |
2nd | 4945 | 0.95*** | 0.84*** | 91.79 | 0.826 | (0.81–0.84) |
3rd | 4446 | 0.95*** | 0.84*** | 90.78 | 0.831 | (0.81–0.85) |
4th | 4193 | 0.95*** | 0.85*** | 90.25 | 0.845 | (0.83–0.86) |
Lowest | 3645 | 0.96*** | 0.86*** | 90.21 | 0.861 | (0.84–0.88) |
General health | ||||||
Very good | 8842 | 0.81*** | 0.83*** | 97.79 | 0.821 | (0.81–0.83) |
Good | 11,326 | 0.80*** | 0.88*** | 97.84 | 0.826 | (0.82–0.84) |
Fair | 4720 | 0.81*** | 0.83*** | 97.44 | 0.834 | (0.82–0.85) |
Bad/very bad | 1725 | 0.85*** | 0.87*** | 97.33 | 0.837 | (0.81–0.86) |
I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future
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I’ve been feeling useful
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I’ve been feeling relaxed
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I’ve been feeling interested in other people
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I’ve had energy to spare
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I’ve been dealing with problems well
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I’ve been thinking clearly
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I’ve been feeling good about myself
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I’ve been feeling close to other people
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I’ve been feeling confident
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I’ve been able to make up my own mind about things
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I’ve been feeling loved
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I’ve been interested in new things
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I’ve been feeling cheerful
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