nach oben

Sustainable Water Resources Management

Erschienen in:

01.08.2021 | Original Article

Evaluation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and soil near a petroleum distribution pipeline spill site, Eleme, Nigeria

verfasst von: Aniekan Edet, Eyo Nyong, Aniediobong Ukpong, Charles Edet

Erschienen in: Sustainable Water Resources Management | Ausgabe 4/2021

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The concentration, distribution, compositional pattern and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater and soil near petroleum product spilled site in Eleme (Nigeria) were investigated. The concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in groundwater samples varied from 4.25 to 9.03 µg/l and varied from 0 to 2.75 µg/l for the seven carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7_carc PAHs). The Σ16 PAHs concentrations in soil samples ranged from 80.15 to 585 µg/kg, while the Σ7_carc PAHs ranged from 43.8 to 381.0 µg/kg. The compositional patterns of PAHs in groundwater is characterized with low molecular weights, while the reverse was the case for the soil samples. The ratios of high molecular weight/low molecular weight, Flu/Pyr, Flu/Flu + Pyr and BaA/(BaA + Chr) showed origin of PAHs in groundwater and soil to be pyrolytic and petrogenic, respectively. Nemerow index for soil showed that the soils were heavily polluted. In comparison to effective range low (ERL) and effective range medium (ERM), 100% of acenaphthene and fluorine in soil would occasionally cause adverse threat to the environment. The values of hazard quotients (HQs) and total hazard index (HI_total) in groundwater and soil suggest no likelihood of any non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children, while estimates of total cancer risk (CRI_total) for BaA and BaP for adults and children suggest significant cancer risk with higher risk in children. The study recommends the remediation of the contaminated groundwater and soil.

Vorheriger Artikel Watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation in Darna River basin: a PCA approach

Nächster Artikel Suitability of groundwater quality for its drinking and agricultural use near Koira region of Odisha, India

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Adeniyi AO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI (2018) Distribution pattern and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and sediment of Algoa Bay, South Africa. Environ Geochem aHealth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0213-xCrossRef

AEG (Alliance Environmental Group) (2015) Method 3 Risk Characterization. File No: 5193–01–01, 2015; p 78. http://fred.csir.co.za/project/CIP_EIA/pages/AlgoaBayManagementPlanDec99pdf. Accessed 22 Dec 2016

Akpokoje EG (1987) The engineering geological characteristics and classification of major superficial soils of Niger Delta. Eng Geol 23:193–211CrossRef

Akpokoje EG (1989) Preliminary studies on the geotechnical characteristics of the Niger Delta subsoils. Eng Geol 26:245–259

Allen JRL (1965a) Late Quaternary Niger Delta and adjacent areas: sedimentary environment and lithofacies. Am Assoc Pet Geol 49:549–600

Allen JRL (1965b) Aspects of the geology of Nigeria. Univ. of Ibadan Press, Nigeria, p 133p

Amadi PA (1986) Characteristics of some natural waters from the Port Harcourt Area of Rivers State. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, University of Ibadan

Amadi UMP, Amadi PA (1990) Saltwater migration in coastal aquifers of southern Nigeria. J Min Geol 26(1):35–44

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2012) Public assessment guidance manual (2005 Update). Appendix G: calculating exposures doses, 2012. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ac/phamanual/appg.html. Accessed 19 Apr 2018

Badawy MI, Emababy MA (2010) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water in Egypt. Desalination 251(1–3):34–40CrossRef

Benson NU, Anake AE, Adedapo WU, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Eke KP (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in imported Sardinops sagax: levels and health risk assessments through dietary exposure in Nigeria. J Food Compos Anal 57:109–116CrossRef

Birch GF, Taylor SE (2006) Application of sediment quality guidelines in assessment and management of contaminated surficial sediments in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) Australia. Environ Manag 29:860–870CrossRef

Budzinski H, Jones I, Bellocq J, Pierard C, Garrigues PH (1997) Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Mar Chem 58:85–97CrossRef

Cheng J, Shi Z, Zhu Y (2007) Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China. J Environ Sci 19:50–54CrossRef

Christophoridis C, Dedepsidis D, Fytianos K (2009) Occurrence and distribution of selected heavy metals in the surface sediments of Thermaikos Gulf, N Greece. Assessment using pollution indicators. J Haz Mater 168:1082–1091CrossRef

Crnković D, Ristić M, Jovanović A, Antonović D (2007) Levels of PAHs in soils of Belgrade and its environs. Environ Monit Assess 125:75–83CrossRef

CRS (2008) Report for Congress, Current Issues, Nigeria

Davis DL, Bradlow HL, Wolff M, Wooddruff T, Hoel DG, Anton-Culver H (1993) Medical hypothesis: xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 101:372–377CrossRef

EGASPIN (2002) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, p 279

Etu-Efeotor JO (1981) Preliminary hydrogeochemical investigations of subsurface waters in parts of Niger Delta. J Min Geol 18(1):103–105

Etu-Effeotor JO, Akpokoje EG (1990) Aquifer systems of the Niger Delta. J Min Geol 26(2):279–284

Ezenwaka KC, Ugboaja A, Ahaneku CV, Ede TA (2014) Geotechnical investigation for design and construction of civil infrastructures in parts of Port Harcourt City of Rivers State, southern Nigeria. Int J Eng Sci 3(8):74–78

Fernandes MB, Sicre MA, Boireau A, Tronczynski J (1997) Hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 34(11):857–867CrossRef

Ge CJ, An Q, Dong YH (2005) Residue and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil around a steel mill. Rual Eco Environ 21:66–69

Ibe KA, Nganje TN, Edet AE (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils within Calabar metropolis. J Chem Soc Nigeria 37(1):1–6

Igiri A, Ekong M, Ogan C, Odey P (2008) Body mass index measure of young adults Nigerians residents in the calabar metropolis. Internet J Biol Anthropol 2(2):1–4

Ikelegbe O (2013) The effects of oil exploration on the primary economy of Niger Delta. In: Ikelegbe A (ed) Oil, environment and resource conflicts in Nigeria. Politics and economies of Africa (Seires Edn Kappel R, Engel U)

Inam E, Ibanga F, Essien J (2016a) Bioaccumulation and cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in leafy vegetables grown in soils within automobile repair complex and environ in Uyo, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 188:681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5695-3CrossRef

Inam E, Offiong N-A, Essien J, Kang S, Kang S-Y, Antia B (2016b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons loads and potential risks in freshwater ecosystem of the Ikpa River Basin, Niger Delta—Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 188:49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-5038-9CrossRef

Jiang YF, Wang XT, Wu MH, Sheng GY, Fu JM (2011) Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China. Environ Monit Assess 183:139–150CrossRef

Jiao W, Lu Y, Li J, Han J, Wang T, Luo W, Shi Y, Wang G (2009) Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial area in Tianjin, China. Environ Monit Assess 158:581–592CrossRef

Jiao W, Wang T, Khim JS, Luo W, Hu W, Naile JE, Giesy JP, Lu Y (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils along the coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. Environ Monit Assess 185:8185–8195CrossRef

Kamunda C, Mathuthu M, Madhuku M (2016) Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils from Witwatersrand Gold mining basin South Africa. Int J Environ Res Pub Health 13(663):1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070663CrossRef

Karaca G (2016) Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in soils from Bursa, Turkey. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 70(2):406–417CrossRef

Khim JS, Kannan K, Villeneuve DL, Koh CH, Giesy JP (1999) Characterisation and distribution of trace organic contaminants in sediments from Masan Bay, Korea: 1. Instrum Anal Environ Sci Technol 33:4199–4205CrossRef

Laflamme RE, Hites RA (1978) The global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:298–303CrossRef

Lake JL, Norwood C, Dimock C, Bowen R (1979) Origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43:1847–1854CrossRef

Lee ML, Prado GP, Howard JB, Hates RA (1977) Source identification of urban airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom 4:182–186CrossRef

Li X, Poon CS, Pui SL (2002) Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong. Appl Geochem 16:1361–1368CrossRef

Li H-L, Gao H, Zhu C, Li G-G, Yang F, Gong ZY, Lian J (2009) Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Nansi Lake, China. Environ Monit Assess 154:469–478CrossRef

Li Y, Liu J, Cao Z, Lin C, Yang Z (2010) Spatial distribution and health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water of the Luanhe River Basin, China. Environ Monit Assess 163:1–13CrossRef

Li P, Li X, Meng X, Li M, Zhang Y (2016) Appraising groundwater quality and health risks from contamination in a semiarid region of Northwest China. Water Qual Expo Health 8:361–379CrossRef

Long ER, MacDonald DD (1998) Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediments quality guidelines. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:714–727CrossRef

Long ER, MacDonald DD, Smith SL, Calder (1995) Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Manag 19:81–97CrossRef

Maliszewska-Kordybach B (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil in Poland: preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination. Appl Geochem 11:121–127CrossRef

Man ZB, Kang Y, Wang HS, Lau W, Li H, Sun XL (2013) Cancer risk assessment of Hong Kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Haz Mater 261:770–776CrossRef

Masih A, Taneja A (2006) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India. Chemosphere 65:449–456CrossRef

Mastral AM, Callen MS (2000) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environ Sci Technol 134:3051–6014CrossRef

MEPPRC (Ministry of Environmental Protection of the PRC) (2014) Technical guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated sites, HJ 25.3-2014. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing

Nadal M, Schumacher M, Domingo JL (2004) Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from Tarragona County, Spain. Environ Pollut 132:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.003CrossRef

Nam JJ, Song BH, Eom KC, Lee SH, Smith A (2003) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea. Chemosphere 50:1281–1289CrossRef

Naz A, Chowdhury A, Mishra BK, Karthikeyan K (2018) Distribution of heavy metals and associated human health risk in mine, agricultural and roadside soils at the largest chromite mine of India. Environ Geochem Health 40:2155–2175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0090-3CrossRef

Nganje TN, Edet AE, Ekwere SJ (2007a) Concentrations of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in groundwater near petrol stations and mechanic workshops in Calabar metropolis, southeastern Nigeria. Environ Geosci 14(1):15–29CrossRef

Nganje TN, Edet AE, Ekwere SJ (2007b) Distribution of PAHs in surface soils from petroleum handling facilities in Calabar. Environ Monit Assess 130:27–34CrossRef

Nganje TN, Edet AE, Ekwere SJ, Ugbaja AN (2007c) Assessment of the impact of contaminated soils from petroleum storage facilities on groundwater using column leaching experiment. Int J Nat Appl Sci 2(1):58–64

Nganje TN, Edet AE, Ibok UJ, Ukpabio EJ, Ibe KA, Neji P (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water and soil in the vicinity of fuel–oil spillage from a tank farm distribution facility, Esuk Utan, Calabar Municipality. Nigeria Environ Earth Sci 67(1):81–90CrossRef

Nganje TN, Hursthouse AS, Aniekan E, Stirling AD, Adamu CI (2015) Assessment of the health risk, aesthetic and agricultural quality of rainwater, surface water and groundwater in the Shale Bedrock Areas, Southeastern Nigeria. Water Qual Expo Health 7(2):153–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-014-0136-4CrossRef

Ngobiri CN, Ayuk AA (2007) Anunuso II. Differential degradation of hydrocarbon fractions during bioremediation of crude oil polluted sites in Niger Delta area. J Chem Soc Nigeria 32:151–158

Nwajide CS (2013) Geology of Nigeria’s sedimentary basins. CSS Bookshops Limited, Lagos, p 565

Odigi MI (1989) Evaluating groundwater supply in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Min Geol 25:159–164

Ojo A (2020) New Telegraph. Newspaper 5(2316):29

Okereke CJ, Essien EB, Wegwu MO (2016) Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable and agricultural soils from two communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. J Res Environ Sci Toxicol 5(2):18–25

Okoli CG, Ogbuagu DH, Gilbert CL, Madu S, Joko-Tony RF (2011) Proximal input of polynucear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in groundwater sources of Okirika Mainland, Nigeria. J Environ Prot 2:848–854CrossRef

Onwuka OS, Omonona OV (2017) Hydrogeochemical characteristics of coastal aquifers from Port Harcourt, southern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci 76:609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6933-xCrossRef

Orecchio S (2010) Contamination from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil of a botanic garden localized next to a former manufacturing gas plants in Palermo (Italy). J Hazard Mater 180:590–601CrossRef

Pan EC, Sun H, Xu QJ, Zhang Q, Liu LF, Chen XD, Xu Y (2015) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in drinking water in villages along the Huai River in China and their association with high cancer incidence in local population. Biomed Res Int 2015:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/76228327622832CrossRef

Paterson S, Mckay D (1989) A model illustrating, the environmental fate, exposure and human uptake of persistent organic chemicals. Ecol Model 47:85–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(89)90111-7CrossRef

Peng C, Chen WP, Liao XL et al (2011) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: status, sources, distribution and potential risk. Environ Pollut 59:802–808CrossRef

Pereira FP (1997) Environment and cancer: who are susceptible? Science 278:1068–1073CrossRef

Peters CA, Knights CD, Brown DG (1999) Long-term composition dynamics of PAH-containing NAPLs and implications for risk assessment. Environ Sci Technol 33:4499–4507CrossRef

Petters SW (1982) Central West African cretaceous-tertiary benthic foraminifera and stratigraphy. Paloeontographica A 179:1–104

Petters SW (1989) Akwa Ibom State: physical background soil and landuse and ecological problems. Technical Report for Government of Akwa Ibom State, p 603

Shi Z, Tao S, Pan B, Fan W, He XC, Zoo Q (2005) Contamination of rivers in Tianjin, China by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Pollut 134(1):97–111CrossRef

Škrbić B, Cvejanov J, Durišić-Mladenović N (2005) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil of Novi Sad and bank sediment of the Danube River. J Environ Sci Health Part A 40(1):29–42CrossRef

Sojinu OOS, Wang J-Z, Sonibare OO, Zeng EY (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and soils from oil exploration areas of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Haz Mater 174:641–647CrossRef

Sun C, Zhang J, Qiyun Ma Q, Chen Y (2015) Human health and ecological risk assessment of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking source water from a large mixed-use reservoir. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:13956–13969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121113956CrossRef

Syed JH, Iqbal M, Zhong G, Katsoyiannis A, Yadav IC, Li J, Zhang G (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese forest soils: profile composition, spatial variations and source apportionmera. Scientific Reports. www.nature.com/scientificreport

Trapido M (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in Estonia soil: contamination and profiles. Environ Pollut 105:67–74CrossRef

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I, human health evaluation manual (Part A): interim final. EPA/540/1–89/002; 1989; PB90–155581, pp 289

USEPA (1991) Role of baseline risk assessment in superfund remedy selection decisions. OSWER Directive 9355.0–30. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington DC, USA

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2001) Integrated risk information system (IRIS): Benzo [a]pyrene (CAS No 50–32–8)

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2004) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I, human health evaluation manual (Part E, supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment): final. EPA/540/R/99/005 OSWER 9285.7–02EP PB99–963312, pp 156

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2009a) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I, human health evaluation manual (Part F, supplemental guidance for inhalation risk assessment): EPA/540/R/070/002, 2009

USEPA (2009b) National Primary Drinking Water regulations. EPA 816-F-09–004. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/pdf/mcl.pdf. Accessed 2020

Vane CH, Kim AW, Beriro DJ, Cave MR, Knights K, Moss-Hayes V, Nathanail PC (2014) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban soils of Greater London, UK. Appl Geochem 51:303–310CrossRef

Villeneuve DL, Khim JS, Kannan K, Giesy JP (2002) Relative potencies of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to induce dioxinlike and estrogenic responses in three cell lines. Environ Toxicol 17:128–137CrossRef

VROM (1994) Environmental quality objectives in Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment

Wang Z, Fingas M, Shu YY, Sigouin L, Landriault PL, Turpin RPC (1999) Quantitative characterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples and differentiation of pyrogenic PAH from petrogenic PAHs. Environ Sci Technol 33:3100–3109CrossRef

Wcislo E (1998) Soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland: a review. Pol J Environ Stud 7(5):267–272

Wei H, Zhang L, Shuxian L, Dan W, Xiaojun L, Lan J, Xiping M (2013) Health risk assessment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in soil at coke gas plants. Environ Eng Manag J 14(2):487–496. http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/EEMJ/

WHO (2004) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd edn. World Health Organisation, Geneva

WHO World Health Organisation (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organisation, Geneva

WHO, World Health Organisation (1998) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking-water in guidelines for drinking-water quality. 2nd edn, Addendum vol 2. Geneva

Wikipedia (2020). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate. Accessed 2020

Wikipedia (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta. Accessed 2020

Wilcke W (2000) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil-a review. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 163:229–248CrossRef

Wilcke W, Muller S, Kanchanakool N, Niamskul C, Zech W (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in hydromorphic soils of the tropical metropolis Bangkok. Geoderma 91:297–309CrossRef

Wu J, Sun Z (2016) Evaluation of shallow groundwater contamination and associated human health risk in an alluvial plain impacted by agricultural and industrial activities, Mid-west China. Exposure and Health 8:311–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0170-xCrossRef

Xu J, Wang H, Sheng L, Liu X, Zheng X (2017) Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Momoge Wetland China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010085CrossRef

Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell RH, Goyette D, Stephanie S (2002) PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org Geochem 33:489–515CrossRef

Zeng EY, Vista CL (1997) Organic pollutants in the coastal environment off San Diego, California. 1. Source identification and assessment by compositional indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:179–188CrossRef

Zhang YX, Tao S, Shen HZ, Ma JM (2009) Inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk of Chinese population. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:21063–21067CrossRef

Titel: Evaluation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and soil near a petroleum distribution pipeline spill site, Eleme, Nigeria
verfasst von: Aniekan Edet
Eyo Nyong
Aniediobong Ukpong
Charles Edet
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2021
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Sustainable Water Resources Management / Ausgabe 4/2021
Print ISSN: 2363-5037
Elektronische ISSN: 2363-5045
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00530-y

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2021

Geo-chemical investigation of groundwater salinity status in selected coastal areas of south western Nigeria

Modeling of annual rainfall extremes in the Jhelum River basin, North Western Himalayas

Regional climatic variability and fisher’s adaptation to climate-induced risks in an impacted tropical floodplain wetland: a case study

Suitability of groundwater quality for its drinking and agricultural use near Koira region of Odisha, India

Evaluation of spatial characteristics of groundwater hydrochemical constituents across different geomorphic units of the Imphal Valley in Northeast India

Quantitative morphometric infer in the hard rock Terrain based on SRTM-DEM and GIS-Chintamani Watershed, Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka, India