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Das Kapitel vertieft sich in die Feinheiten des Testens kooperativer Systeme für vernetzte und automatisierte Fahrzeuge und betont die Komplexität im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Automobilsystemen. Es unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Mobilfunknetzen, insbesondere 5G, als Enabler für C-ITS-Technologien und einen höheren Automatisierungsgrad. Der Text stellt den Connected Vehicle Hub von IDIADA vor, eine hochmoderne Einrichtung, die mit einem kontrollierten 5G-Netzwerk und verschiedenen drahtlosen Technologien wie DSRC und C-V2X ausgestattet ist. Der Hub bietet eine vollständig konfigurierbare und kontrollierte Netzwerkumgebung, die für das zuverlässige Testen und Entwickeln kooperativer, vernetzter und automatisierter Mobilitätsanwendungen von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Das Kapitel behandelt auch die geplante Einführung eines neuen C-V2X-Netzwerks und 5G SA Core, was das Engagement der Einrichtung unterstreicht, an der Spitze des technologischen Fortschritts zu bleiben. Durch verschiedene Projekte der Europäischen Kommission hat die Plattform entscheidend zur Entwicklung und Validierung innovativer Dienste und Anwendungen beigetragen, wie etwa der Schaffung digitaler Zwillinge, der kooperativen Wahrnehmung und der Verbesserung der Sicherheit gefährdeter Verkehrsteilnehmer. Die Schlussfolgerung betont die kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung der Netzwerkkapazitäten, wodurch die Relevanz des Hubs für die Entwicklung und Erprobung von CCAM-Lösungen gewährleistet wird.
KI-Generiert
Diese Zusammenfassung des Fachinhalts wurde mit Hilfe von KI generiert.
Abstract
The sensors and cameras in a car are limited to the information that the vehicle receives and processes in its immediate environment and line-of-sight applications. To further extend these data collection capabilities (with the intention of increasing traffic efficiency and safety), Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) technologies are based on the exchange of information between vehicles through wireless communication systems and networks. This paper shows how IDIADA addresses this reality and proposes a pioneering and innovative solution for wireless networks. IDIADA has built a Connected Vehicle Hub, equipped with the latest mobile communication technologies and in compliance with the ETSI ITS G5 standard, to facilitate the construction of increasingly reliable systems, offering its facilities and adapting the platform to the needs of specific test scenarios, in order to repeat tests and evaluations that are difficult or even impossible to perform on the public road due to the constant changes in the road environment and in the networks themselves.
1 State of Art
Testing of cooperative systems increases complexity compared to testing of traditional automotive systems, this is because cooperative systems interact with other ITS systems (vehicle, pedestrian, or road infrastructure).
Most vehicles today are connected in some way to external application servers, networks and the Internet through embedded communication modules, tethered solutions that rely on the driver's smartphone or integrated solutions where applications are deployed directly on the driver's smartphone or in the car's infotainment system.
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With the development of new standards, such as Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) included in 3GPP Release 14, which in its first version extends the LTE platform to offer direct Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication capabilities [2], cellular networks are likely to become increasingly important as major technology enablers for the deployment of C-ITS technologies and higher levels of automation deployment. On the other hand, 802.11p has already established itself as a proven standard specifically designed to meet all V2X application requirements and performance specifications [4, 5].
The progressive introduction of these wireless technologies in vehicles will bring a wide variety of new cooperative and connected services and applications to be implemented over lower-layer standards, and their importance will grow rapidly towards the future introduction of fully autonomous vehicles [3]. The development of such services and applications requires an extensive and costly testing effort, revealing the need for new test suites and tools that facilitate the execution of these tests while ensuring safety.
Traditional test tracks are fine for traditional cars, but cooperative, connected, and automated vehicles require new test environments that can provide a fully configurable and controlled network spanning both physical and digital infrastructure to replicate and recreate test scenarios safely.
For specific scenarios, it is often necessary to travel many kilometers to achieve specific challenging conditions, which is resource intensive. In some countries, it is not even possible to conduct certain tests on public roads, as this is prohibited by current regulations. In addition, commercial cellular networks are not suitable for this type of testing, as their operating conditions are not controlled: the available capacity varies according to the number of connected users and their use of network resources, coverage conditions cannot be modified, and network availability can be affected by their operation and maintenance activities. For test results and subsequent conclusions to be reliable, it is necessary to control network parameters to reproduce specific scenarios [1].
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On the other hand, commercial networks are not easily adapted to the latest features and solutions needed to enable efficiency and security applications, as their implementation depends on the mobile network operator's interest in offering these features and requires a deployment plan that must consider the size of the network and the number of network elements affected. Finally, privacy issues can be avoided by keeping sensitive data in-house, which is another advantage of a private environment.
2 Connected Vehicle Hub
With the goal of replicating any possible network condition that a vehicle might face on the road, the ability to cover test tracks with the full suite of access technologies that enable the development and deployment of C-ITS applications is an important requirement from a network design standpoint. This includes both DSRC devices that meet IEEE 1609 and ITS G5 standards, as well as a cellular network that spans all generations from 2G to 5G.
2.1 C-ITS Platform
As part of its wireless communication infrastructure, IDIADA has designed and deployed a C-ITS platform. IDIADA's proving ground is fully covered with ETSI ITS G5 and WiFi technologies. It also has High Definition (HD) mapping information with 2 cm accuracy and D-GPS/RTK coverage.
A new C-V2X network with the latest technologies on the market is expected to be deployed by the middle of Q3, 2023 (Fig. 1).
The other key asset of the IDIADA Connected Vehicle Hub is the cellular network deployed with all available cellular technologies: 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G-NSA (currently under design, 5G-SA deployment). Full coverage of the proving ground is provided by 4 multi-standard radio base stations, which complement the C-ITS infrastructure by jointly building a complete connectivity test platform.
The cellular network can be separated into three main functional domains: Radio Access Network (RAN), Transport Network and Core Network (CN), all of which must be considered if a complete operational solution is to be deployed. Security applications demand high performance networks in terms of bandwidth, latency, reliability, and availability, which require target values that are difficult or even impossible to achieve with current standards, requiring that all network elements and the interconnections between them be carefully designed and implemented. The solution adopted at IDIADA shows the following coverage map (Fig. 2):
The transport network connecting the base stations to the Base Station Controller (BSC), Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is based on IP over fiber optic links, ensuring high reliability, high-speed performance, and minimal latency. External Application Servers (AS) can be connected directly to the internal network or remotely via broadband connections, depending on the scope of the tests to be performed.
The core network performs the switching functions and provides connection to other external networks, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Public Data Network (PDN) or private data networks, among other messaging, authentication or charging functions. In 2G and 3G networks the core is divided into Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) network elements, the former carrying voice services and the latter carrying data, while 4G is a fully integrated PS network. The 5G-NSA uses the 4G core. The Packet-Switched network core elements that carry network user traffic in the data plane are deployed locally in a dedicated server room.
The radio access network connects the User Equipment (UE) through the air interface by implementing one or more radio technologies. The Connected Vehicle Hub includes four base stations implementing 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G-NSA (in 5G-SA design) radio access technologies, configured with the latest available software versions and network features. In terms of frequency spectrum usage, the collaboration with Orange Spain grants permission to radiate in all its common frequency bands, allowing the configuration of specific network scenarios in which the coverage of a combination of these radio access technologies and frequency bands can be adjusted as desired. This agreement between Orange and IDIADA allows the use of commercial and licensed bands for all access technologies.
Its extension to new frequency bands will be studied once new frequency bands are auctioned by the Spanish government according to its 5G deployment plan (such as the 700 MHz already auctioned or the 26 Ghz mm for a future tender).
The 4 base stations are composed of 9 sectors in total, with the following technologies:
2G in 1800 MHz (BW = 1TRX per sector).
3G in 900 MHz (BW 5 MHz)
4G on 1800 MHz (BW 20 MHz) and 2100 MHz (BW 10 MHz)
5G NSA on 3500 MHz (BW 60 MHz)
As mentioned above, 5G SA technology is in the design phase for a short-term deployment, with which we will be able to exploit all the features and virtues associated with 5G, such as latencies between 1 and 4 ms or DL throughputs of up to 20 Gbps and UL up to 200 Mbps.
The services offered with the IDIADA cellular network include the possibility of configuring 4G + 5G Carrier Aggregation (CA) using only the two 4G carriers or disabling it completely to only have traffic with a single carrier. In addition, the MIMO configuration can be modified from the standard 4 × 4 to a 4 × 2 or 2 × 2 configuration.
This is achieved by modifying the network characteristics so that a customer can test the performance of their systems in non-optimal situations.
In parallel, power reductions can be applied to all radio technologies (together or separately) to emulate adverse coverage level conditions.
If a customer wants to evaluate the performance of its systems and services when moving from one technology to another, HandOvers (HO) can be forced between the different Radio Access Technologies (RATs), so that it can move, for example, from being in a cell with 5G coverage to another with 2G. In this way, the user has the possibility to test mobility by making HO between cells of different technologies.
In short, the IDIADA network can be adapted to recreate different scenarios in which users can test their systems and services in a private and confidential environment, emulating features and issues of a public network.
To ensure that developments in the field of testing can be deployed commercially, it is essential that the cellular network used in IDIADA approximates that available in public networks, as all standalone developments will need to use standard public providers without significant network modifications.
To this end, IDIADA's cellular network is built on high quality commercial equipment that guarantees relevant results. The current 5G deployment is NSA with a roadmap already defined for the introduction of 5G SA.
2.3 5G Ecosystem Validation
The Connected Vehicle Hub is the pure connectivity tool testbed with which IDIADA studies, develops and implements the multiple use cases required by European Commission projects.
C-MOBILE was one of the most important projects for the development of C-ITS tools, services and applications, similar to TARGET X or 6G TWINROAD today, promoting innovations such as Digital Twin creation services for the pre-validation and testing of automotive systems, services to enhance the Cooperative Perception of vehicles, not only using current V2X standards but also taking advantage of commercial cellular networks introducing NR-V2X technologies, services to improve the Vulnerable Road Users safety in the CCAM environment and, finally, services to identify strategies with which the infrastructure can improve the Quality of Service for road users using prevention algorithms.
Furthermore, through TARGET X, IDIADA will add an edge node to enhance the aforementioned services using edge computing technology, with the aim of finding a balance between the advantages of cloud services and those of on-premises services.
3 Conclusions and Next Steps
The continuous evolution of network capabilities, including hardware, software, and new features to be implemented, allows the Connected Vehicle Hub to match the characteristics of the commercial network with the aim of offering a real driving experience to allow the development and testing of Cooperative, Connected, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) solutions. Specifically, the evolution of the network towards 5G-SA will have the highest priority, given the impact it is expected to have on the development of a whole new set of applications for connected vehicles and communications in general, while allowing an improvement in performance and smoothing the way for the introduction of full driving automation.
On the other hand, the progressive introduction of wireless communication modules in the vehicle will encourage the development of new cooperative, connected and automated mobility applications and services. This will require existing and new test facilities to adapt their physical infrastructure to support the development of this type of application, adopting wireless technologies to provide them with the necessary communication capabilities. IDIADA's Connected Vehicle Hub implements both DSRC and cellular networks, offering a complete development and test environment that enables system-level and vehicle-level validation of C-ITS applications and connected and autonomous vehicle functionalities.
As a next steps IDIADA has planned at short and middle term to deploy a new C-V2X network and a new 5G SA Core.
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