Skip to main content

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Factor of Risk for Fracture

verfasst von : Dennis E. Anderson, Mary L. Bouxsein

Erschienen in: Skeletal Aging and Osteoporosis

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In considering the risk of fracture, both the loading applied to a bone and strength of the bone are of importance. A conceptually simple approach for considering both loading and strength is the factor of risk, Φ, which is the ratio of applied load to failure load for a particular loading scenario. Theoretically a fracture will occur if Φ ≥ 1. The factor of risk may provide a better measure for risk of fracture than current clinical measures such as bone mineral density. However, the challenges of accurately determining both applied load and failure load are significant. A number of studies have examined factor of risk for hip, vertebral and distal forearm fractures. At all three locations, factor of risk has been found to increase with age, and to be associated with incident or prevalent fractures. While some studies show promising results, the factor of risk has not been consistently better than bone mineral density alone in predicting the risk of fracture. However, it should be noted that the approaches used to estimate applied load and failure load in most studies have been relatively simple. Furthermore, only a few loading conditions have been investigated, primarily fall impact to the side for the hip, forward flexion/lifting for the vertebral body and forward fall onto the hand for the distal forearm. Thus, in spite of its limitations and challenges, factor of risk may still provide significant insight into the etiology of osteoporotic fractures, especially as methods for determining bone loading and strength improve.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
odds ratio (OR) is defined as the odds of an event occurring in one group, divided by the odds of the it occurring in another group.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Arjmand, N., Shirazi-Adl, A.: Sensitivity of kinematics-based model predictions to optimization criteria in static lifting tasks. Med. Eng. Phys. 28(6), 504–514 (2006)CrossRef Arjmand, N., Shirazi-Adl, A.: Sensitivity of kinematics-based model predictions to optimization criteria in static lifting tasks. Med. Eng. Phys. 28(6), 504–514 (2006)CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Boutroy, S., Van Rietbergen, B., Sornay-Rendu, E., Munoz, F., Bouxsein, M.L., Delmas, P.D.: Finite element analysis based on in vivo HR-pQCT images of the distal radius is associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23(3), 392–399 (2008). doi:10.1359/jbmr.071108 CrossRef Boutroy, S., Van Rietbergen, B., Sornay-Rendu, E., Munoz, F., Bouxsein, M.L., Delmas, P.D.: Finite element analysis based on in vivo HR-pQCT images of the distal radius is associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23(3), 392–399 (2008). doi:10.​1359/​jbmr.​071108 CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein, M.: Biomechanics of age-related fractures. In: Marcus, R., Feldman, D., Nelson, D., Rosen, C. (eds.) Osteoporosis, vol 1, vol. 3, pp. 601–616. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego (2007) Bouxsein, M.: Biomechanics of age-related fractures. In: Marcus, R., Feldman, D., Nelson, D., Rosen, C. (eds.) Osteoporosis, vol 1, vol. 3, pp. 601–616. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego (2007)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein, M.L., Coan, B.S., Lee, S.C.: Prediction of the strength of the elderly proximal femur by bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound measurements of the heel and tibia. Bone 25(1), 49–54 (1999). doi:S8756-3282(99)00093-9 CrossRef Bouxsein, M.L., Coan, B.S., Lee, S.C.: Prediction of the strength of the elderly proximal femur by bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound measurements of the heel and tibia. Bone 25(1), 49–54 (1999). doi:S8756-3282(99)00093-9 CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein, M.L., Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., Muller, J., Atkinson, E.J., Oberg, A.L., Robb, R.A., Camp, J.J., Rouleau, P.A., McCollough, C.H., Khosla, S.: Age- and sex-specific differences in the factor of risk for vertebral fracture: a population-based study using QCT. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21(9), 1475–1482 (2006)CrossRef Bouxsein, M.L., Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., Muller, J., Atkinson, E.J., Oberg, A.L., Robb, R.A., Camp, J.J., Rouleau, P.A., McCollough, C.H., Khosla, S.: Age- and sex-specific differences in the factor of risk for vertebral fracture: a population-based study using QCT. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21(9), 1475–1482 (2006)CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein, M.L., Szulc, P., Munoz, F., Thrall, E., Sornay-Rendu, E., Delmas, P.D.: Contribution of trochanteric soft tissues to fall force estimates, the factor of risk, and prediction of hip fracture risk. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(6), 825–831 (2007). doi:10.1359/jbmr.070309 CrossRef Bouxsein, M.L., Szulc, P., Munoz, F., Thrall, E., Sornay-Rendu, E., Delmas, P.D.: Contribution of trochanteric soft tissues to fall force estimates, the factor of risk, and prediction of hip fracture risk. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(6), 825–831 (2007). doi:10.​1359/​jbmr.​070309 CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Burge, R., Dawson-Hughes, B., Solomon, D.H., Wong, J.B., King, A., Tosteson, A.: Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005–2025. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(3), 465–475 (2007). doi:10.1359/jbmr.061113 CrossRef Burge, R., Dawson-Hughes, B., Solomon, D.H., Wong, J.B., King, A., Tosteson, A.: Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005–2025. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(3), 465–475 (2007). doi:10.​1359/​jbmr.​061113 CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng, X.G., Lowet, G., Boonen, S., Nicholson, P.H., Brys, P., Nijs, J., Dequeker, J.: Assessment of the strength of proximal femur in vitro: relationship to femoral bone mineral density and femoral geometry. Bone 20(3), 213–218 (1997). doi:S8756328296003833 CrossRef Cheng, X.G., Lowet, G., Boonen, S., Nicholson, P.H., Brys, P., Nijs, J., Dequeker, J.: Assessment of the strength of proximal femur in vitro: relationship to femoral bone mineral density and femoral geometry. Bone 20(3), 213–218 (1997). doi:S875632829600383​3 CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiu, J., Robinovitch, S.N.: Prediction of upper extremity impact forces during falls on the outstretched hand. J. Biomech. 31(12), 1169–1176 (1998)CrossRef Chiu, J., Robinovitch, S.N.: Prediction of upper extremity impact forces during falls on the outstretched hand. J. Biomech. 31(12), 1169–1176 (1998)CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cody, D.D., Gross, G.J., Hou, F.J., Spencer, H.J., Goldstein, S.A., Fyhrie, D.P.: Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA. J. Biomech. 32(10), 1013–1020 (1999). S0021929099000998[pii]CrossRef Cody, D.D., Gross, G.J., Hou, F.J., Spencer, H.J., Goldstein, S.A., Fyhrie, D.P.: Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA. J. Biomech. 32(10), 1013–1020 (1999). S0021929099000998[pii]CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper, C., Atkinson, E.J., O’Fallon, W.M., Melton 3rd, L.J.: Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985–1989. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7(2), 221–227 (1992)CrossRef Cooper, C., Atkinson, E.J., O’Fallon, W.M., Melton 3rd, L.J.: Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985–1989. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7(2), 221–227 (1992)CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Crawford, R.P., Cann, C.E., Keaveny, T.M.: Finite element models predict in vitro vertebral body compressive strength better than quantitative computed tomography. Bone 33(4), 744–750 (2003)CrossRef Crawford, R.P., Cann, C.E., Keaveny, T.M.: Finite element models predict in vitro vertebral body compressive strength better than quantitative computed tomography. Bone 33(4), 744–750 (2003)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuddihy, M.T., Gabriel, S.E., Crowson, C.S., O’Fallon, W.M., Melton 3rd, L.J.: Forearm fractures as predictors of subsequent osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos. Int. 9(6), 469–475 (1999) Cuddihy, M.T., Gabriel, S.E., Crowson, C.S., O’Fallon, W.M., Melton 3rd, L.J.: Forearm fractures as predictors of subsequent osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos. Int. 9(6), 469–475 (1999)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummings, S.R., Marcus, R., Palermo, L., Ensrud, K.E., Genant, H.K.: Does estimating volumetric bone density of the femoral neck improve the prediction of hip fracture? A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9(9):1429-1432 (1994) Cummings, S.R., Marcus, R., Palermo, L., Ensrud, K.E., Genant, H.K.: Does estimating volumetric bone density of the femoral neck improve the prediction of hip fracture? A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9(9):1429-1432 (1994)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Delmas, P.D., Genant, H.K., Crans, G.G., Stock, J.L., Wong, M., Siris, E., Adachi, J.D.: Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone 33(4), 522–532 (2003)CrossRef Delmas, P.D., Genant, H.K., Crans, G.G., Stock, J.L., Wong, M., Siris, E., Adachi, J.D.: Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone 33(4), 522–532 (2003)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Delmas, P.D., van de Langerijt, L., Watts, N.B., Eastell, R., Genant, H., Grauer, A., Cahall, D.L.: Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(4), 557–563 (2005)CrossRef Delmas, P.D., van de Langerijt, L., Watts, N.B., Eastell, R., Genant, H., Grauer, A., Cahall, D.L.: Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(4), 557–563 (2005)CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Duan, Y., Duboeuf, F., Munoz, F., Delmas, P.D., Seeman, E.: The fracture risk index and bone mineral density as predictors of vertebral structural failure. Osteoporos. Int. 17(1), 54–60 (2006). doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1893-5 CrossRef Duan, Y., Duboeuf, F., Munoz, F., Delmas, P.D., Seeman, E.: The fracture risk index and bone mineral density as predictors of vertebral structural failure. Osteoporos. Int. 17(1), 54–60 (2006). doi:10.​1007/​s00198-005-1893-5 CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Eastell, R., Cedel, S.L., Wahner, H.W., Riggs, B.L., Melton 3rd, L.J.: Classification of vertebral fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6(3), 207–215 (1991)CrossRef Eastell, R., Cedel, S.L., Wahner, H.W., Riggs, B.L., Melton 3rd, L.J.: Classification of vertebral fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6(3), 207–215 (1991)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Freitas, S.S., Barrett-Connor, E., Ensrud, K.E., Fink, H.A., Bauer, D.C., Cawthon, P.M., Lambert, L.C., Orwoll, E.S.: Rate and circumstances of clinical vertebral fractures in older men. Osteoporos. Int. 19(5), 615–623 (2008). doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0510-1 CrossRef Freitas, S.S., Barrett-Connor, E., Ensrud, K.E., Fink, H.A., Bauer, D.C., Cawthon, P.M., Lambert, L.C., Orwoll, E.S.: Rate and circumstances of clinical vertebral fractures in older men. Osteoporos. Int. 19(5), 615–623 (2008). doi:10.​1007/​s00198-007-0510-1 CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenspan, S.L., Myers, E.R., Maitland, L.A., Resnick, N.M., Hayes, W.C.: Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA 271(2), 128–133 (1994)CrossRef Greenspan, S.L., Myers, E.R., Maitland, L.A., Resnick, N.M., Hayes, W.C.: Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA 271(2), 128–133 (1994)CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen, U., Zioupos, P., Simpson, R., Currey, J.D., Hynd, D.: The effect of strain rate on the mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J. Biomech. Eng. 130(1), 011011 (2008). doi:10.1115/1.2838032 CrossRef Hansen, U., Zioupos, P., Simpson, R., Currey, J.D., Hynd, D.: The effect of strain rate on the mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J. Biomech. Eng. 130(1), 011011 (2008). doi:10.​1115/​1.​2838032 CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes, W.C.: Biomechanics of cortical and trabecular bone: implications for assessment of fracture risk. In: Mow, V.C., Hayes, W.C. (eds.) Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics, pp. 93–142. Raven Press, New York (1991) Hayes, W.C.: Biomechanics of cortical and trabecular bone: implications for assessment of fracture risk. In: Mow, V.C., Hayes, W.C. (eds.) Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics, pp. 93–142. Raven Press, New York (1991)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes, W.C., Myers, E.R., Morris, J.N., Gerhart, T.N., Yett, H.S., Lipsitz, L.A.: Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif. Tissue Int. 52(3), 192–198 (1993)CrossRef Hayes, W.C., Myers, E.R., Morris, J.N., Gerhart, T.N., Yett, H.S., Lipsitz, L.A.: Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif. Tissue Int. 52(3), 192–198 (1993)CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes, W.C., Myers, E.R., Robinovitch, S.N., Van Den Kroonenberg, A., Courtney, A.C., McMahon, T.A.: Etiology and prevention of age-related hip fractures. Bone 18(1 Suppl), 77S–86S (1996)CrossRef Hayes, W.C., Myers, E.R., Robinovitch, S.N., Van Den Kroonenberg, A., Courtney, A.C., McMahon, T.A.: Etiology and prevention of age-related hip fractures. Bone 18(1 Suppl), 77S–86S (1996)CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Heller, M.O., Bergmann, G., Deuretzbacher, G., Durselen, L., Pohl, M., Claes, L., Haas, N.P., Duda, G.N.: Musculo-skeletal loading conditions at the hip during walking and stair climbing. J. Biomech. 34(7), 883–893 (2001)CrossRef Heller, M.O., Bergmann, G., Deuretzbacher, G., Durselen, L., Pohl, M., Claes, L., Haas, N.P., Duda, G.N.: Musculo-skeletal loading conditions at the hip during walking and stair climbing. J. Biomech. 34(7), 883–893 (2001)CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ismail, A.A., Cooper, C., Felsenberg, D., Varlow, J., Kanis, J.A., Silman, A.J., O’Neill, T.W.: Number and type of vertebral deformities: epidemiological characteristics and relation to back pain and height loss. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Osteoporos. Int. 9(3):206–213 (1999) Ismail, A.A., Cooper, C., Felsenberg, D., Varlow, J., Kanis, J.A., Silman, A.J., O’Neill, T.W.: Number and type of vertebral deformities: epidemiological characteristics and relation to back pain and height loss. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Osteoporos. Int. 9(3):206–213 (1999)
32.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Keaveny, T.M.: Biomechanical computed tomography-noninvasive bone strength analysis using clinical computed tomography scans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1192, 57–65 (2010). NYAS5348[pii]10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05348.xCrossRef Keaveny, T.M.: Biomechanical computed tomography-noninvasive bone strength analysis using clinical computed tomography scans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1192, 57–65 (2010). NYAS5348[pii]10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05348.xCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Keyak, J.H., Rossi, S.A., Jones, K.A., Skinner, H.B.: Prediction of femoral fracture load using automated finite element modeling. J. Biomech. 31(2), 125–133 (1998)CrossRef Keyak, J.H., Rossi, S.A., Jones, K.A., Skinner, H.B.: Prediction of femoral fracture load using automated finite element modeling. J. Biomech. 31(2), 125–133 (1998)CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Klotzbuecher, C.M., Ross, P.D., Landsman, P.B., Abbott 3rd, T.A., Berger, M.: Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15(4), 721–739 (2000)CrossRef Klotzbuecher, C.M., Ross, P.D., Landsman, P.B., Abbott 3rd, T.A., Berger, M.: Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15(4), 721–739 (2000)CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lochmuller, E.M., Miller, P., Burklein, D., Wehr, U., Rambeck, W., Eckstein, F.: In situ femoral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry related to ash weight, bone size and density, and its relationship with mechanical failure loads of the proximal femur. Osteoporos. Int. 11(4), 361–367 (2000)CrossRef Lochmuller, E.M., Miller, P., Burklein, D., Wehr, U., Rambeck, W., Eckstein, F.: In situ femoral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry related to ash weight, bone size and density, and its relationship with mechanical failure loads of the proximal femur. Osteoporos. Int. 11(4), 361–367 (2000)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Lochmuller, E.M., Groll, O., Kuhn, V., Eckstein, F.: Mechanical strength of the proximal femur as predicted from geometric and densitometric bone properties at the lower limb versus the distal radius. Bone 30(1), 207–216 (2002)CrossRef Lochmuller, E.M., Groll, O., Kuhn, V., Eckstein, F.: Mechanical strength of the proximal femur as predicted from geometric and densitometric bone properties at the lower limb versus the distal radius. Bone 30(1), 207–216 (2002)CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Lotz, J., Cheal, E., Hayes, W.: Stress distributions within the proximal femur during gait and falls: Implications for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos. Int. 5, 252–261 (1995)CrossRef Lotz, J., Cheal, E., Hayes, W.: Stress distributions within the proximal femur during gait and falls: Implications for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos. Int. 5, 252–261 (1995)CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mann, T., Oviatt, S.K., Wilson, D., Nelson, D., Orwoll, E.S.: Vertebral deformity in men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7(11), 1259–1265 (1992)CrossRef Mann, T., Oviatt, S.K., Wilson, D., Nelson, D., Orwoll, E.S.: Vertebral deformity in men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7(11), 1259–1265 (1992)CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Marks, R., Allegrante, J.P., Ronald MacKenzie, C., Lane, J.M.: Hip fractures among the elderly: causes, consequences and control. Ageing Res. Rev. 2(1), 57–93 (2003)CrossRef Marks, R., Allegrante, J.P., Ronald MacKenzie, C., Lane, J.M.: Hip fractures among the elderly: causes, consequences and control. Ageing Res. Rev. 2(1), 57–93 (2003)CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsumoto, T., Ohnishi, I., Bessho, M., Imai, K., Ohashi, S., Nakamura, K.: Prediction of vertebral strength under loading conditions occurring in activities of daily living using a computed tomography-based nonlinear finite element method. Spine 34(14), 1464–1469 (2009). doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a55636 CrossRef Matsumoto, T., Ohnishi, I., Bessho, M., Imai, K., Ohashi, S., Nakamura, K.: Prediction of vertebral strength under loading conditions occurring in activities of daily living using a computed tomography-based nonlinear finite element method. Spine 34(14), 1464–1469 (2009). doi:10.​1097/​BRS.​0b013e3181a55636​ CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Melton 3rd, L.J., Kan, S.H., Frye, M.A., Wahner, H.W., O’Fallon, W.M., Riggs, B.L.: Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 129(5), 1000–1011 (1989) Melton 3rd, L.J., Kan, S.H., Frye, M.A., Wahner, H.W., O’Fallon, W.M., Riggs, B.L.: Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 129(5), 1000–1011 (1989)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., Keaveny, T.M., Achenbach, S.J., Hoffmann, P.F., Camp, J.J., Rouleau, P.A., Bouxsein, M.L., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Robb, R.A., Khosla, S.: Structural determinants of vertebral fracture risk. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(12), 1885–1892 (2007)CrossRef Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., Keaveny, T.M., Achenbach, S.J., Hoffmann, P.F., Camp, J.J., Rouleau, P.A., Bouxsein, M.L., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Robb, R.A., Khosla, S.: Structural determinants of vertebral fracture risk. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(12), 1885–1892 (2007)CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., van Lenthe, G.H., Achenbach, S.J., Muller, R., Bouxsein, M.L., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Khosla, S.: Contribution of in vivo structural measurements and load/strength ratios to the determination of forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(9), 1442–1448 (2007). doi:10.1359/jbmr.070514 CrossRef Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., van Lenthe, G.H., Achenbach, S.J., Muller, R., Bouxsein, M.L., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Khosla, S.: Contribution of in vivo structural measurements and load/strength ratios to the determination of forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(9), 1442–1448 (2007). doi:10.​1359/​jbmr.​070514 CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Melton 3rd, L.J., Christen, D., Riggs, B.L., Achenbach, S.J., Muller, R., van Lenthe, G.H., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Khosla, S.: Assessing forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 21(7), 1161–1169 (2010). doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1047-2 CrossRef Melton 3rd, L.J., Christen, D., Riggs, B.L., Achenbach, S.J., Muller, R., van Lenthe, G.H., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Khosla, S.: Assessing forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 21(7), 1161–1169 (2010). doi:10.​1007/​s00198-009-1047-2 CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., Keaveny, T.M., Achenbach, S.J., Kopperdahl, D., Camp, J.J., Rouleau, P.A., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Robb, R.A., Therneau, T.M., Khosla, S.: Relation of vertebral deformities to bone density, structure, and strength. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25(9), 1922–1930 (2010). doi:10.1002/jbmr.150 CrossRef Melton 3rd, L.J., Riggs, B.L., Keaveny, T.M., Achenbach, S.J., Kopperdahl, D., Camp, J.J., Rouleau, P.A., Amin, S., Atkinson, E.J., Robb, R.A., Therneau, T.M., Khosla, S.: Relation of vertebral deformities to bone density, structure, and strength. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25(9), 1922–1930 (2010). doi:10.​1002/​jbmr.​150 CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Myers, E.R., Wilson, S.E.: Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22(24 Suppl), 25S–31S (1997)CrossRef Myers, E.R., Wilson, S.E.: Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22(24 Suppl), 25S–31S (1997)CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Myers, E.R., Robinovitch, S.N., Greenspan, S.L., Hayes, W.C.: Factor of risk is associated with frequency of hip fracture in a case-control study. Trans. Orth. Res. Soc. 19, 526 (1994) Myers, E.R., Robinovitch, S.N., Greenspan, S.L., Hayes, W.C.: Factor of risk is associated with frequency of hip fracture in a case-control study. Trans. Orth. Res. Soc. 19, 526 (1994)
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Myers, E., Wilson, S., Greenspan, S.: Vertebral fractures in the elderly occur with falling and bending. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11, S355 (1996) Myers, E., Wilson, S., Greenspan, S.: Vertebral fractures in the elderly occur with falling and bending. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11, S355 (1996)
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Nevitt. M.C., Cummings, S.R.: Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The study of osteoporotic fractures research group. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41(11):1226—1234 (1993) Nevitt. M.C., Cummings, S.R.: Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The study of osteoporotic fractures research group. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41(11):1226—1234 (1993)
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Nevitt, M.C., Ettinger, B., Black, D.M., Stone, K., Jamal, S.A., Ensrud, K., Segal, M., Genant, H.K., Cummings, S.R.: The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann. Intern. Med. 128(10), 793–800 (1998) Nevitt, M.C., Ettinger, B., Black, D.M., Stone, K., Jamal, S.A., Ensrud, K., Segal, M., Genant, H.K., Cummings, S.R.: The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann. Intern. Med. 128(10), 793–800 (1998)
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielson, C.M., Bouxsein, M.L., Freitas, S.S., Ensrud, K.E., Orwoll, E.S.: Trochanteric soft tissue thickness and hip fracture in older men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94(2), 491–496 (2009). doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1640 CrossRef Nielson, C.M., Bouxsein, M.L., Freitas, S.S., Ensrud, K.E., Orwoll, E.S.: Trochanteric soft tissue thickness and hip fracture in older men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94(2), 491–496 (2009). doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2008-1640 CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordsletten, L., Ekeland, A.: Muscle contraction increases the structural capacity of the lower leg: an in vivo study in the rat. J. Orthop. Res. 11(2), 299–304 (1993)CrossRef Nordsletten, L., Ekeland, A.: Muscle contraction increases the structural capacity of the lower leg: an in vivo study in the rat. J. Orthop. Res. 11(2), 299–304 (1993)CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Orwoll, E.S., Marshall, L.M., Nielson, C.M., Cummings, S.R., Lapidus, J., Cauley, J.A., Ensrud, K., Lane, N., Hoffmann, P.R., Kopperdahl, D.L., Keaveny, T.M.: Finite element analysis of the proximal femur and hip fracture risk in older men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24(3), 475–483 (2009). doi:10.1359/jbmr.081201 CrossRef Orwoll, E.S., Marshall, L.M., Nielson, C.M., Cummings, S.R., Lapidus, J., Cauley, J.A., Ensrud, K., Lane, N., Hoffmann, P.R., Kopperdahl, D.L., Keaveny, T.M.: Finite element analysis of the proximal femur and hip fracture risk in older men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24(3), 475–483 (2009). doi:10.​1359/​jbmr.​081201 CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat OTA: Hip Fracture Outcomes in People Age 50 and Over-Background Paper. vol OTA-BP-H- 120 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington (1994) OTA: Hip Fracture Outcomes in People Age 50 and Over-Background Paper. vol OTA-BP-H- 120 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington (1994)
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Palvanen, M., Kannus, P., Parkkari, J., Pitkajarvi, T., Pasanen, M., Vuori, I., Jarvinen, M.: The injury mechanisms of osteoporotic upper extremity fractures among older adults: a controlled study of 287 consecutive patients and their 108 controls. Osteoporos. Int. 11(10), 822–831 (2000)CrossRef Palvanen, M., Kannus, P., Parkkari, J., Pitkajarvi, T., Pasanen, M., Vuori, I., Jarvinen, M.: The injury mechanisms of osteoporotic upper extremity fractures among older adults: a controlled study of 287 consecutive patients and their 108 controls. Osteoporos. Int. 11(10), 822–831 (2000)CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinilla, T.P., Boardman, K.C., Bouxsein, M.L., Myers, E.R., Hayes, W.C.: Impact direction from a fall influences the failure load of the proximal femur as much as age-related bone loss. Calcif. Tissue Int. 58(4), 231–235 (1996) Pinilla, T.P., Boardman, K.C., Bouxsein, M.L., Myers, E.R., Hayes, W.C.: Impact direction from a fall influences the failure load of the proximal femur as much as age-related bone loss. Calcif. Tissue Int. 58(4), 231–235 (1996)
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Pistoia, W., van Rietbergen, B., Lochmuller, E.M., Lill, C.A., Eckstein, F., Ruegsegger, P.: Estimation of distal radius failure load with micro-finite element analysis models based on three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography images. Bone 30(6), 842–848 (2002). S8756328202007366[pii]CrossRef Pistoia, W., van Rietbergen, B., Lochmuller, E.M., Lill, C.A., Eckstein, F., Ruegsegger, P.: Estimation of distal radius failure load with micro-finite element analysis models based on three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography images. Bone 30(6), 842–848 (2002). S8756328202007366[pii]CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Reilly, D.T., Burstein, A.H.: The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J. Biomech. 8(6), 393–405 (1975)CrossRef Reilly, D.T., Burstein, A.H.: The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J. Biomech. 8(6), 393–405 (1975)CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Riggs, B.L., Melton 3rd, L.J., Robb, R.A., Camp, J.J., Atkinson, E.J., Peterson, J.M., Rouleau, P.A., McCollough, C.H., Bouxsein, M.L., Khosla, S.: Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19(12), 1945–1954 (2004). doi:10.1359/JBMR.040916 CrossRef Riggs, B.L., Melton 3rd, L.J., Robb, R.A., Camp, J.J., Atkinson, E.J., Peterson, J.M., Rouleau, P.A., McCollough, C.H., Bouxsein, M.L., Khosla, S.: Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19(12), 1945–1954 (2004). doi:10.​1359/​JBMR.​040916 CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Riggs, B.L., Melton 3rd, L.J., Robb, R.A., Camp, J.J., Atkinson, E.J., Oberg, A.L., Rouleau, P.A., McCollough, C.H., Khosla, S., Bouxsein, M.L.: Population-based analysis of the relationship of whole bone strength indices and fall-related loads to age- and sex-specific patterns of hip and wrist fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21(2), 315–323 (2006). doi:10.1359/JBMR.051022 CrossRef Riggs, B.L., Melton 3rd, L.J., Robb, R.A., Camp, J.J., Atkinson, E.J., Oberg, A.L., Rouleau, P.A., McCollough, C.H., Khosla, S., Bouxsein, M.L.: Population-based analysis of the relationship of whole bone strength indices and fall-related loads to age- and sex-specific patterns of hip and wrist fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21(2), 315–323 (2006). doi:10.​1359/​JBMR.​051022 CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinovitch, S.N., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Distribution of contact force during impact to the hip. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 25(3), 499–508 (1997)CrossRef Robinovitch, S.N., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Distribution of contact force during impact to the hip. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 25(3), 499–508 (1997)CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinovitch, S.N., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Predicting the impact response of a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom shock-absorbing system from the measured step response. J. Biomech. Eng. 119(3), 221–227 (1997)CrossRef Robinovitch, S.N., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Predicting the impact response of a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom shock-absorbing system from the measured step response. J. Biomech. Eng. 119(3), 221–227 (1997)CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuit, S.C., van der Klift, M., Weel, A.E., de Laet, C.E., Burger, H., Seeman, E., Hofman, A., Uitterlinden, A.G., van Leeuwen, J.P., Pols, H.A.: Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone 34(1), 195–202 (2004). doi:S8756328203003776 CrossRef Schuit, S.C., van der Klift, M., Weel, A.E., de Laet, C.E., Burger, H., Seeman, E., Hofman, A., Uitterlinden, A.G., van Leeuwen, J.P., Pols, H.A.: Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone 34(1), 195–202 (2004). doi:S875632820300377​6 CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Siris, E.S., Chen, Y.T., Abbott, T.A., Barrett-Connor, E., Miller, P.D., Wehren, L.E., Berger, M.L.: Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch. Intern. Med. 164(10), 1108–1112 (2004). doi:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1108 CrossRef Siris, E.S., Chen, Y.T., Abbott, T.A., Barrett-Connor, E., Miller, P.D., Wehren, L.E., Berger, M.L.: Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch. Intern. Med. 164(10), 1108–1112 (2004). doi:10.​1001/​archinte.​164.​10.​1108 CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Sornay-Rendu, E., Munoz, F., Garnero, P., Duboeuf, F., Delmas, P.D.: Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(10), 1813–1819 (2005). doi:10.1359/JBMR.050609 CrossRef Sornay-Rendu, E., Munoz, F., Garnero, P., Duboeuf, F., Delmas, P.D.: Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(10), 1813–1819 (2005). doi:10.​1359/​JBMR.​050609 CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone, K.L., Seeley, D.G., Lui, L.Y., Cauley, J.A., Ensrud, K., Browner, W.S., Nevitt, M.C., Cummings, S.R.: BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: long-term results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18(11), 1947–1954 (2003). doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.11.1947 CrossRef Stone, K.L., Seeley, D.G., Lui, L.Y., Cauley, J.A., Ensrud, K., Browner, W.S., Nevitt, M.C., Cummings, S.R.: BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: long-term results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18(11), 1947–1954 (2003). doi:10.​1359/​jbmr.​2003.​18.​11.​1947 CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner, C.H., Wang, T., Burr, D.B.: Shear strength and fatigue properties of human cortical bone determined from pure shear tests. Calcif. Tissue Int. 69(6), 373–378 (2001)CrossRef Turner, C.H., Wang, T., Burr, D.B.: Shear strength and fatigue properties of human cortical bone determined from pure shear tests. Calcif. Tissue Int. 69(6), 373–378 (2001)CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat van den Kroonenberg, A.J., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Dynamic models for sideways falls from standing height. J. Biomech. Eng. 117(3), 309–318 (1995)CrossRef van den Kroonenberg, A.J., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Dynamic models for sideways falls from standing height. J. Biomech. Eng. 117(3), 309–318 (1995)CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat van den Kroonenberg, A.J., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Hip impact velocities and body configurations for voluntary falls from standing height. J. Biomech. 29(6), 807–811 (1996). doi:0021-9290(95)00134-4 CrossRef van den Kroonenberg, A.J., Hayes, W.C., McMahon, T.A.: Hip impact velocities and body configurations for voluntary falls from standing height. J. Biomech. 29(6), 807–811 (1996). doi:0021-9290(95)00134-4 CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Vilayphiou, N., Boutroy, S., Szulc, P., van Rietbergen, B., Munoz, F., Delmas, P.D., Chapurlat, R.: Finite element analysis performed on radius and tibia HR-pQCT images and fragility fractures at all sites in men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26(5), 965–973 (2011). doi:10.1002/jbmr.297 CrossRef Vilayphiou, N., Boutroy, S., Szulc, P., van Rietbergen, B., Munoz, F., Delmas, P.D., Chapurlat, R.: Finite element analysis performed on radius and tibia HR-pQCT images and fragility fractures at all sites in men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26(5), 965–973 (2011). doi:10.​1002/​jbmr.​297 CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Wainwright, S.A., Marshall, L.M., Ensrud, K.E., Cauley, J.A., Black, D.M., Hillier, T.A., Hochberg, M.C., Vogt, M.T., Orwoll, E.S.: Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(5), 2787–2793 (2005). doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1568 CrossRef Wainwright, S.A., Marshall, L.M., Ensrud, K.E., Cauley, J.A., Black, D.M., Hillier, T.A., Hochberg, M.C., Vogt, M.T., Orwoll, E.S.: Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(5), 2787–2793 (2005). doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2004-1568 CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang, R.S., Liu, T.K., Hang, Y.S., Chieng, P.U., Tsai, K.S.: Factor of risk for hip fracture in normal Chinese men and women in Taiwan. Calcif. Tissue Int. 65(6), 422–426 (1999). doi:CTI-463 CrossRef Yang, R.S., Liu, T.K., Hang, Y.S., Chieng, P.U., Tsai, K.S.: Factor of risk for hip fracture in normal Chinese men and women in Taiwan. Calcif. Tissue Int. 65(6), 422–426 (1999). doi:CTI-463 CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Factor of Risk for Fracture
verfasst von
Dennis E. Anderson
Mary L. Bouxsein
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2011_110

Neuer Inhalt