nach oben

Demography

Erschienen in:

01.04.2013

Factors Associated With Temporal and Spatial Patterns in Suicide Rates Across U.S. States, 1976–2000

verfasst von: Julie A. Phillips

Erschienen in: Demography | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Using pooled cross-sectional time-series data for the 50 U.S. states over a 25-year period, this article examines how well four conceptual groups of social correlates—demographic, economic, social, and cultural factors—are associated with the 1976–2000 patterns in overall suicide rates and suicide by firearms and other means. Unlike past research that typically considers only one dimension, this analysis differentiates between spatial and temporal variation in suicide rates to determine whether and how social correlates operate differently in these two contexts. Results indicate that suicide rates correspond closely to social correlates. Within U.S. states, lower overall suicide rates between 1976 and 2000 were associated with demographic change (e.g., larger numbers of foreign-born) as well as with fewer numbers of Episcopalians. Across U.S. states, variation in overall suicide rates over the period was related to demographic (percentage male), economic (per capita income), social (percentage divorced), and cultural (alcohol consumption and gun ownership) factors. However, findings differ importantly by type of suicide, and across time and space. Reasons for these distinct patterns are discussed.

Vorheriger Artikel The Predictive Validity of Subjective Mortality Expectations: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study

Nächster Artikel Maternal Education, Birth Weight, and Infant Mortality in the United States

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

The U.S. census groups states and the District of Columbia into nine census divisions. For more detail, see the Census Bureau website (http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.html).

The percentage of variation between and within states explained by the covariates is determined by estimating a baseline model (regional and year dummy variables only) and comparing the estimate of random variation between states and within states to that obtained when the full set of covariates is included. For example, the estimate of state-level variance in the baseline model is 4.3392 but is reduced to 0.7133 (84.4 %) when the covariates are added to the model.

Although not statistically significant in the full model, the religious adherence rate is negatively and significantly associated with overall suicide rates across states when the percentage divorced (coefficient = −0.008; SE = 0.003) or alcohol consumption (coefficient = −0.007; SE = 0.002) is removed.

Average per capita income and percentage urban are highly correlated. In the between-state model of nonfirearm suicides, per capita income is statistically significant (coefficient = 0.286; SE = 0.13) when percentage urban is removed. Percentage urban is statistically significant (coefficient = 0.037; SE = 0.02) when per capita income is removed.

Ajdacic-Gross, V., Killias, M., Hepp, U., Gadola, E., Bopp, M., Lauber, C., & Rössler, W. (2006). Changing times: A longitudinal analysis of international firearm suicide data. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1752–1755.CrossRef

Allison, P. (2005). Fixed effects regression using the SAS system. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.

Anderson, R. N., Miniño, A. M., Hoyert, D. L., & Rosenberg, H. M. (2001). Comparability of cause of death between ICD–9 and ICD–10: Preliminary estimates. National Vital Statistics Reports, 49(2), 1–32.

Bankston, W. B., Allen, H. D., & Cunningham, D. S. (1983). Religion and suicide: A research note on sociology’s “one law.” Social Forces, 62, 521–528.

Beck, E. M. (1980). Labor unionism and racial income inequality: A time-series analysis of the post–World War II period. The American Journal of Sociology, 85, 791–814.CrossRef

Breault, K. D. (1988). Beyond the quick and dirty: Reply to Girard. The American Journal of Sociology, 93, 1479–1486.CrossRef

Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Allman, C. J., Moritz, G. M., Wartella, M. E., & Zelenak, J. P. (1991). The presence and accessibility of firearms in the homes of adolescent suicides. A case control study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 2989–2995.CrossRef

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Burr, J., McCall, P., & Powell-Griner, E. (1994). Catholic religion and suicide. Social Science Quarterly, 75, 300–318.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. (2009). National suicide statistics at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/statistics/index.html

Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P. R., Connor, K., Eberly, S., Cox, C., & Caine, E. D. (2002). Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle-aged and older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 407–416.

Cook, P. (1979). The effect of gun availability on robbery and robber murder: A cross-sectional study of 50 cities. Policy Studies Reviews Annual, 3, 743–781.

Cooper, P. N., & Milroy, C. M. (1995). The coroner’s system and under-reporting of suicide. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 35, 319–326.

Cutright, P., & Fernquist, R. M. (2004). The culture of suicide through societal integration and religion: 1996–1998 gender-specific suicide rates in 50 American states. Archives of Suicide Research, 8, 271–285.CrossRef

Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W., & Marsden, P. V. (n.d.). General Social Surveys, 1972–2000 [Cumulative File]. ICPSR04697-v4. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors], 2009-12-04. doi:10.3886/ICPSR04697.v4

Duberstein, P. R., Conwell, Y., Conner, K. R., Eberly, S., Evinger, J. S., & Caine, E. D. (2004a). Poor social integration and suicide: Fact of artifact? A case–control study. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1331–1337.CrossRef

Duberstein, P. R., Conwell, Y., Conner, K. R., Eberly, S., Evinger, J. S., & Caine, E. D. (2004b). Suicide at 50 years of age and older: Perceived physical illness, family discord, and financial strain. Psychological Medicine, 34, 137–146.CrossRef

Durkheim, É. (1951). In J. A. Spaulding, G. Simpson, & G. Simpson (Eds.), Suicide, A study in sociology. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Faris, R. E. L. (1955). Social disorganization (2nd ed.). New York: The Ronald Press Company.

Faupel, C. E., Kowalski, G. S., & Starr, P. D. (1987). Sociology’s one law: Religion and suicide in the urban context. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26, 523–534.CrossRef

Florentine, J. B., & Crane, C. (2010). Suicide prevention by limiting access to methods: A review of theory and practice. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1626–1632.CrossRef

Gibbons, R. D., wan Hur, D., Bhaumik, K., & Mann, J. J. (2005). The relationship between antidepressant medication use and rate of suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 165–172.CrossRef

Girard, C. (1988). Church membership and suicide reconsidered: Comment on Breault. The American Journal of Sociology, 93, 1471–1479.CrossRef

Gruenewald, P. J., Ponicki, W. R., & Mitchell, P. R. (1995). Suicide rates and alcohol consumption in the United States, 1970–1989. Addiction, 90, 1063–1075.CrossRef

Grunebaum, M. F., Ellis, S. P., Li, S., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2004). Antidepressants and suicide risk in the United States, 1985–1999. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1456–1462.CrossRef

Gunnell, D., Middleton, N., Whitley, E., Dorling, D., & Frankel, S. (2003). Why are suicide rates rising in young men but falling in the elderly? A time-series analysis of trends in England and Wales 1950–1998. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 595–611.CrossRef

Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Johnston, J., & DiNardo, J. (1997). Econometric methods. New York: McGraw Hill.

Judge, G. G., Griffiths, W. E., Carter Hill, R., Lutkepohl, H., & Lee, T. C. (1985). The theory and practice of econometrics. New York: Wiley.

Kalmar, S., Szanto, K., Rihmer, Z., Mazumdar, S., Harrison, K., & Mann, J. J. (2008). Antidepressant prescription and suicide rates: Effect of age and gender. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 363–374.CrossRef

Kellermann, A. L., Rivara, F. P., & Somes, G. (1992). Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership. The New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 467–472.CrossRef

Kennedy, P. (2003). A guide to econometrics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Korenman, S., & Miller, J. E. (1997). Effects of long-term poverty on physical health of children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In G. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 70–99). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kowalski, G. S., Faupel, C. E., & Starr, P. D. (1987). Urbanism and suicide: A study of American counties. Social Forces, 66, 85–101.

Lester, D. (1995). Is divorce an indicator of general or specific social malaise? Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 23, 203–205.CrossRef

Little, R. E., & Vogel, R. E. (1992). Handgun ownership and the religion factor. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1871–1877.

Luo, F., Florence, C. S., Quispe-Agnoli, M., Ouyang, L., & Crosby, A. E. (2011). Impact of business cycles on U.S. suicide rates, 1928–2007. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 1139–1146.CrossRef

Mairesse, J. (1990). Time-series and cross-sectional estimates on panel data: Why are they different and why should they be equal? In. G. Hartog, J. Ridder, & J. Theeuwes (Eds.), Panel data and labor market studies (pp. 81–95). New York: North-Holland.

Mann, J. J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., & Hendin, H. (2005). Suicide prevention strategies: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 2064–2074.CrossRef

Maris, R. W., Berman, A. L., & Silverman, M. M. (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. New York: Guilford Press.

Marvell, T. B., & Moody, C. E. (1991). Age structure and crime rates: The conflicting evidence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 7, 237–273.CrossRef

McCall, P. L., & Land, K. C. (1994). Trends in white male adolescent, young-adult, and elderly suicide: Are there common underlying structural factors? Social Science Research, 23, 57–81.CrossRef

Messner, S. R., & Sampson, R. J. (1991). The sex ratio, family disruption, and rates of violent crime: The paradox of demographic structure. Social Forces, 69, 693–713.

Milane, M. S., Suchard, M. A., Wong, M. L., & Licinio, J. (2006). Modeling of the temporal patterns of fluoxetine prescriptions and suicide rates in the United States. PLoS Medicine, 3, 816–824.CrossRef

Miller, M., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2002). Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. Epidemiology, 13, 517–524.CrossRef

Miller, M., & Hemenway, D. (2008). Guns and suicide in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 989–991.CrossRef

Miller, M., Lippmann, S. J., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2007). Household firearm ownership and rates of suicide across the 50 United States. The Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 62, 1029–1035.CrossRef

Mouw, T. (2002). Racial differences in the effects of job contacts: Conflicting evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Social Science Research, 31, 511–538.CrossRef

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (2011). Per capita ethanol consumption for states, census regions, and the United States, 1977–2009. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA. Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Surveillance92/tab3.1_09.htm

Pescosolido, B. A., & Georgianna, S. (1989). Durkheim, suicide, and religion: Toward a network theory of suicide. American Sociological Review, 54, 33–48.CrossRef

Pescosolido, B. A., & Mendelsohn, R. (1986). Social causation or social construction of suicide? An investigation into the social organization of official rates. American Sociological Review, 51, 80–100.CrossRef

Phillips, J. A. (2006). Explaining discrepant findings in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses: An application to U.S. homicide rates. Social Science Research, 35, 948–974.CrossRef

Pridemore, W. A., & Snowden, A. J. (2009). Reduction in suicide mortality following a new national alcohol policy in Slovenia: An interrupted time-series analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 915–920.CrossRef

Sainsbury, P., & Jenkins, J. S. (1982). The accuracy of officially reported suicide statistics for purposes of epidemiological research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 36, 43–48.CrossRef

Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency in urban areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Simon, T. R., Swann, A. C., Powell, K. E., Potter, L. B., Kresnow, M., & O’Carroll, P. W. (2001). Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 49–59.CrossRef

Stack, S. (2000a). Suicide: A 15-year review of the sociological literature part I: Cultural and economic factors. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 145–162.

Stack, S. (2000b). Suicide: A 15-year review of the sociological literature part II: Modernization and social integration perspectives. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 163–176.

Stack, S., & Wasserman, I. M. (2010). Economic strain and suicide: A qualitative analysis. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 103–112.CrossRef

Steensland, B., Park, J. Z., Regnerus, M. D., Robinson, L. D., Wilcox, W. B., & Woodberry, R. D. (2000). The measure of American religion: Toward improving the state of the art. Social Forces, 79, 291–318.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program Populations (1970–2000) National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch. (2011, January). Retrieved from www.seer.cancer.gov/popdata

Thorlindsson, T., & Bjarnason, T. (1998). Modeling Durkheim on the micro level: A study of youth suicidality. American Sociological Review, 63, 94–110.CrossRef

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). (1969–2000). Regional Economic Information System: 1969–2000. Retrieved from http://cba.unomaha.edu/faculty/cdecker/WEB/Geospatial%20and%20Statistical%20Data%20Center.htm

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (1967–1999). Consumer price index–All urban consumers: 1967–1999. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics (1970–2000). Mortality detail file: External cause extract, 1970–2000. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (n.d.). Local area unemployment statistics, 1970–2000. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/data/#unemployment

van Poppel, F., & Day, L. H. (1996). A test of Durkheim’s theory of suicide—Without committing the “ecological fallacy. American Sociological Review, 61, 500–507.CrossRef

Van Tubergen, F., teGrotenhuis, M., & Ultee, W. (2005). Denomination, religious context, and suicide: Neo-Durkheimian multilevel explanations tested with individual and contextual data. The American Journal of Sociology, 111, 797–823.CrossRef

Wasserman, I. M. (1984). Imitation and suicide: A reexamination of the Werther effect. American Sociological Review, 49, 427–436.CrossRef

Wasserman, I. M. (1989). The effects of war and alcohol consumption patterns on suicide: United States, 1910–1933. Social Forces, 68, 513–530.

Titel: Factors Associated With Temporal and Spatial Patterns in Suicide Rates Across U.S. States, 1976–2000
verfasst von: Julie A. Phillips
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2013
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Demography / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0070-3370
Elektronische ISSN: 1533-7790
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0176-y

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

The Predictive Validity of Subjective Mortality Expectations: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study

Family Instability and Early Initiation of Sexual Activity in Western Kenya

Returns on Lifetime Investments in Children in Egypt

Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System

The Contribution of Smoking to Black-White Differences in U.S. Mortality

Erratum to: Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys Than in Girls? A New Hypothesis Based on Preconception Environment and Evidence From a Large Sample of Twins