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Erschienen in:
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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

FAO: Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries—Relevance, Reception and First Experiences in Implementation

verfasst von : Michael Windfuhr

Erschienen in: International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The “Voluntary Guidelines for Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries in the Context of National Food Security” (VGGT) are a new international legal instrument, which was adopted unanimously in 2012 in the United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS). The document is a soft law instrument that does not create new legally binding obligations to states or responsibilities for private actors, but applies existing standards for governance, particularly including human rights standards, to the management of land. The following article describes in the first part the new instruments and its relevance to all actors involved in land governance issues. In the second part the article describes which implementation activities and follow-up actions have been taken by the different stakeholders since its adoption in 2012.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Soil Degradation and Migrations in the Age of the Global Environmental Crisis: A Policy-Making Perspective
Nächstes Kapitel Evaluating the Role of Private Land Tenure Rights in Sustainable Land Management for Agriculture in Kenya
Fußnoten
1
More information can be found on the website of the CFS: The United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS 2016b) has an own website (2016), as the Civil Society Mechanism (www.​csm4cfs.​org) and the Private Sector Mechanism (www.​agrifood.​net) have.
 
2
This adoption is of high importance to the new CFS because it is the first international standards setting instrument adopted by the CFS. It was possible to reach a consensus for such a complicated issue in the course of 2 years. Therefore, it can be seen as a first good signal about the capacity of the CFS to regulate also complex global issues with respect to food security challenges.
 
3
The International Land Coalition developed a definition of Land Grabs during its 2011 assembly in Tirana, Albania: “Land grabs are acquisitions or concessions that are one or more of the following: (i) In violation of human rights, particularly the equal rights of women; (ii) not based on free, prior and informed consent of the affected land-users; (iii) not based on a thorough assessment, or are in disregarded of social, economic and environmental impacts, including the way they are gendered; (iv) not based on transparent contrasts that specify clear and binding commitments about activities, employment and benefits sharing; and (v) not based on effective democratic planning, independent oversight and meaningful participation” (Art. 4 of the Tirana Declaration). For more information check Grain’s (2016) website, Anseeuw et al. (2012, p. 29), the World Bank’s (2011) or the International Land Coalition’s (2011) article.
 
4
World Bank/FAO/UNCTAD/IFAD (2009).
 
5
FAO (2014): The Committee on World Food Security (CFS) endorsed the Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems on October 15th, 2014. The civil society mechanism of the CFS decided, after the active engagement of CSO in the negotiation process to not endorse the principles, because they are not fully oriented towards support small holder investment but describe also rules and standard that can be applied to larger scale investments.
 
6
See paragraph 44 of the G8 declaration of Lough Erne.
 
7
United Nations (2011).
 
8
Quote from VGGT (2012: 3/2).
 
9
The principles are also referred to in the RAI-negotiations document see footnote 5 above FAO (2014).
 
10
United Nations (2011), (Commentary to Principles 11).
 
11
The part on land registration is covered by chapter 3 , the part on land transfers in chapter 4 and the part on land administration of chapter 5 of the Voluntary Guidelines (2012).
 
12
Several companies have made public statements in support and announced to align their activities to the VGGT, inter alia Coca Cola and Nestlé.
 
13
The guide can be found on the website of the Interlaken Group (2015).
 
14
Additional city guides are planned inter alia on pastoralism, tenure of the Commons, technologies for land administration, the private sector, public resources.
 
15
A very good overview about all follow-up activities is given in a recent publication sponsored by the UK-Government: Hall et al. (2016).
 
16
The FAO implementation guides and tools can be found on the VGGT website of the United Nations Committee on World Food Security (2016a).
 
17
The OECD-FAO (2016).
 
18
USAID (2015); The Interlaken Group and the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI 2015); The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the French Development Agency (AFD 2014) have also produced a Guide to due diligence of agribusiness projects that affect land and property rights.
 
19
On the issue of land grabbing, several books and articles has been published inter alia: Bommert (2012), Pearce (2012).
 
20
African Union (2009) AU Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa. http://​www.​uneca.​org/​sites/​default/​files/​PublicationFiles​/​fg_​on_​land_​policy_​eng.​pdf (access 12 May 2016).
 
21
The first ten countries are: Angola, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan and Swaziland. In a new phase five additional country programmes will follow in Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Sudan and Uganda, see Hall et al. (2016, p. 35).
 
22
African Union et al. (2014).
 
23
See the International Statement of the Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure at a Crossroads (2015).
 
Literatur
Anseeuw W, et al (2012) Transnational land deals for agriculture in the global south – analytical report based on the land matrix database. Bern/Montpellier/Hamburg, p 29
Bommert W (2012) Bodenrauch: Die globale Jagd nach den Äckern der Welt, Bastei-Lübbe
International Land Coalition (2011) Securing land access for the poor in times of intensified natural resources competition. Report of the ILO international conference and assembly of members, Tirana, Albania, 24–27 May 2011
Pearce F (2012) Land Grabbing: Der globale Kampf um Grund und Boden (The Land Grabber: The new fight over who owns the earth). Kunstmann, Berlin
United Nations (2011) UN-guiding principles for business and human rights. Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie: Guiding principles on business and human rights: implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 issued 21 March 2011. http://​www.​ohchr.​org/​Documents/​Issues/​Business/​A-HRC-17-31_​AEV.​pdf. Accessed 15 May 2016
World Bank/FAO/UNCTAD/IFAD (2009) Principles for responsible agricultural investment (PRAI) that respects rights, livelihoods and resources, knowledge exchange platform for responsible agro-investment (RRAI). Accessed 1 Mar 2016
Metadaten
Titel
FAO: Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries—Relevance, Reception and First Experiences in Implementation
verfasst von
Michael Windfuhr
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42507-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42508-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42508-5_15