1 Einleitung
2 Selektive Ergebnisse der Literatur
3 Datengrundlage
4 Untersuchungsansatz und Datenbeschreibung
4.1 Niveaudaten
Stationsart | Kreisjahreswerte | Kreise | Kreisjahreswerte | Kreise | Kreisjahreswerte | Kreise |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
insgesamt | 1 Messstation | \(>\)1 Messstation | ||||
PM\({}_{10}\) | PM\({}_{10}\) | PM\({}_{10}\) | ||||
Hintergrund | 3063 | 232 | 2474 | 221 | 589 | 64 |
Stadt | 1694 | 124 | 1292 | 115 | 402 | 64 |
Land | 1369 | 108 | 1182 | 106 | 187 | 25 |
Verkehr | 1614 | 154 | 1189 | 147 | 425 | 56 |
Stadt | 1168 | 112 | 776 | 105 | 392 | 49 |
Land | 446 | 42 | 413 | 42 | 33 | 7 |
Total | 4677 | 272 | 3663 | 266 | 1114 | 99 |
Stadt | 2862 | 147 | 2068 | 123 | 794 | 31 |
Land | 1815 | 125 | 1595 | 143 | 220 | 68 |
Stationsart | Kreisjahreswerte | Kreise | Anzahl Messstationen | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(>\)1 Messstation | Mean | Min | Max | ||
PM\({}_{10}\) | |||||
Hintergrund | 589 | 64 | 2,404075 | 2 | 9 |
Stadt | 402 | 39 | 2,527363 | 2 | 9 |
Land | 187 | 25 | 2,139037 | 2 | 9 |
Verkehr | 425 | 56 | 2,404706 | 2 | 6 |
Stadt | 392 | 49 | 2,438776 | 2 | 6 |
Land | 33 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Variable | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) [Jahre] | 9223 | 79,215 | 1,696 | 72,780 | 78,050 | 80,440 | 83,850 |
PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Hintergrund_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 2571 | 19,500 | 4,090 | 7,367 | 17,000 | 22,333 | 34,000 |
PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Verkehr_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 1274 | 26,135 | 4,508 | 14,667 | 23,000 | 29,000 | 43,333 |
\(VEK_{it}\) [10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | 6015 | 16,443 | 2,174 | 12,140 | 14,930 | 17,699 | 33,014 |
\(Abi_{it}\) [10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | 9223 | 26,285 | 9,079 | 0,000 | 20,100 | 31,700 | 61,267 |
\(Stadt_{i}\) [Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | 9624 | 0,499 | 0,500 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Ost_{i}\) [Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | 9624 | 0,192 | 0,394 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) [1993/95 = 1] | 9624 | 12,500 | 6,923 | 1 | 6,8 | 18,2 | 24 |
Variable | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) [Jahre] | 2222 | 80,025 | 1,201 | 75,830 | 79,210 | 80,778 | 83,850 |
PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Hintergrund_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 2222 | 20,062 | 3,994 | 7,367 | 17,667 | 22,667 | 34,000 |
\(VEK_{it}\) [10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | 2222 | 16,107 | 2,310 | 12,476 | 14,507 | 17,274 | 33,014 |
\(Abi_{it}\) [10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | 2222 | 30,982 | 9130 | 6733 | 24,367 | 37,092 | 61,267 |
\(Stadt_{i}\) [Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | 2222 | 0,558 | 0,497 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Ost_{i}\) [Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | 2222 | 0,304 | 0,460 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) [1993/95 = 1] | 2222 | 16,023 | 3,699 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 22 |
Variable | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) [Jahre] | 1093 | 80,132 | 1,135 | 77,200 | 79,270 | 80,890 | 83,260 |
PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Verkehr_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 1093 | 26,890 | 4,300 | 15 | 24 | 29,6 | 43 |
\(VEK_{it}\) [10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | 1093 | 16,235 | 2,267 | 12,637 | 14,566 | 17,702 | 33,014 |
\(Abi_{it}\) [10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | 1093 | 34,678 | 8,373 | 14,100 | 28,533 | 40,467 | 61,267 |
\(Stadt_{i}\) [Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | 1093 | 0,720 | 0,449 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Ost_{i}\) [Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | 1093 | 0,306 | 0,461 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) [1993/95 = 1] | 1093 | 16,361 | 3,589 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 22 |
\(LE_{it}\) | PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Hinter\)\(grund_{it}\) | \(VEK_{it}\) | \(Abi_{it}\) | \(Stadt_{i}\) | \(Ost_{i}\) | \(Zeit\)\(trend_{t}\) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | 1 | ||||||
PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Hintergrund_{it}\) | -0,321 | 1 | |||||
\(VEK_{it}\) | 0,562 | -0,084 | 1 | ||||
\(Abi_{it}\) | 0,298 | -0,028 | 0,062 | 1 | |||
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,348 | 0,175 | 0,424 | 0,277 | 1 | ||
\(Ost_{i}\) | -0,227 | 0,027 | -0,579 | 0,200 | -0,385 | 1 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | 0,475 | -0,502 | 0,066 | 0,405 | 0,018 | 0,038 | 1 |
\(LE_{it}\) | PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Verkehr_{it}\) | \(VEK_{it}\) | \(Abi_{it}\) | \(Stadt_{i}\) | \(Ost_{i}\) | \(Zeit\)\(trend_{t}\) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | 1 | ||||||
PM\({}_{10}\)-\(Verkehr_{it}\) | -0,206 | 1 | |||||
\(VEK_{it}\) | 0,474 | 0,060 | 1 | ||||
\(Abi_{it}\) | 0,263 | -0,117 | -0,108 | 1 | |||
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,254 | 0,235 | 0,314 | 0,234 | 1 | ||
\(Ost_{i}\) | -0,248 | 0,023 | -0,636 | 0,103 | -0,436 | 1 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | 0,476 | -0,544 | 0,032 | 0,379 | 0,032 | -0,065 | 1 |
4.2 Veränderungen
Variable | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) [Jahre] | 8822 | 0,185 | 0,252 | -1,490 | 0,030 | 0,350 | 1,280 |
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 2351 | -0,574 | 0,896 | -5,333 | -1,167 | 0,000 | 3,333 |
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 1144 | -0,746 | 1,164 | -5,000 | -1,389 | 0,000 | 4,167 |
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) [10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | 5614 | 0,085 | 0,185 | -2,352 | -0,006 | 0,180 | 2,163 |
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) [10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | 8822 | 0,464 | 1,987 | -9,833 | -0,367 | 1,267 | 10,433 |
\(Stadt_{i}\) [Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | 9223 | 0,499 | 0,500 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Ost_{i}\) [Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | 9223 | 0,192 | 0,394 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) [1993/95–1994/96 = 1] | 9223 | 12,000 | 6,634 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 23 |
Variable | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) [Jahre] | 2007 | 0,171 | 0,229 | -0,920 | 0,020 | 0,315 | 1,100 |
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 2007 | -0,605 | 0,925 | -5 | -1,3 | 0 | 3 |
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) [10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | 2007 | 0,077 | 0,188 | -0,612 | -0,015 | 0,165 | 2,163 |
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) [10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | 2007 | 0,725 | 2,355 | -9,467 | -0,267 | 1,767 | 9,967 |
\(Stadt_{i}\) [Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | 2007 | 0,561 | 0,496 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Ost_{i}\) [Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | 2007 | 0,305 | 0,461 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) [1993/95–1994/96 = 1] | 2007 | 15,540 | 3,406 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 21 |
Variable | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) [Jahre] | 968 | 0,160 | 0,223 | -0,920 | 0,030 | 0,300 | 1,100 |
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) [\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | 968 | -0,754 | 1,217 | -5 | -1,5 | 0 | 4 |
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) [10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | 968 | 0,316 | 0,220 | -0,885 | 0,217 | 0,400 | 2,786 |
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) [10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | 968 | 0,940 | 2,369 | -9,467 | 0,000 | 1,867 | 10,433 |
\(Stadt_{i}\) [Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | 968 | 0,720 | 0,449 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Ost_{i}\) [Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | 968 | 0,310 | 0,463 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) [1993/95–1994/96 = 1] | 968 | 15,835 | 3,305 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 21 |
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) | \(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}\) | \(Delta.VEK_{it}\) | \(Delta.Abi_{it}\) | \(Stadt_{i}\) | \(Ost_{i}\) | \(Zeittrend_{t}\) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(-Hintergrund_{it}\) | |||||||
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) | 1 | ||||||
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}\) | -0,098 | 1 | |||||
\(-Hintergrund_{it}\) | |||||||
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) | -0,045 | 0,064 | 1 | ||||
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) | 0,032 | 0,047 | -0,084 | 1 | |||
\(Stadt_{i}\) | -0,012 | -0,018 | -0,124 | 0,083 | 1 | ||
\(Ost_{i}\) | 0,019 | 0,086 | 0,079 | -0,073 | -0,387 | 1 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | -0,403 | 0,102 | 0,219 | -0,129 | 0,016 | 0,039 | 1 |
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) | \(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}\) | \(Delta.VEK_{it}\) | \(Delta.Abi_{it}\) | \(Stadt_{i}\) | \(Ost_{i}\) | \(Zeittrend_{t}\) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(-Verkehr_{it}\) | |||||||
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) | 1 | ||||||
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}\) | -0,101 | 1 | |||||
\(-Verkehr_{it}\) | |||||||
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) | -0,017 | 0,005 | 1 | ||||
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) | 0,047 | -0,063 | -0,053 | 1 | |||
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,004 | -0,024 | -0,125 | 0,047 | 1 | ||
\(Ost_{i}\) | 0,049 | 0,066 | 0,056 | -0,057 | -0,433 | 1 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | -0,383 | -0,007 | 0,019 | -0,191 | 0,023 | -0,068 | 1 |
5 Empirische Ergebnisse
5.1 Niveaudaten
Abhängige Variable: | ||
---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | ||
[Jahre] | ||
Gesamtdeutschland | Gesamtdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) | -0,037\({}^{**}\) | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,016) | |
p = 0,024 | ||
PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) | -0,010 | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,017) | |
p = 0,562 | ||
\(VEK_{it}\) | 0,276\({}^{***}\) | 0,270\({}^{***}\) |
[10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | (0,051) | (0,071) |
p = 0,00000 | p = 0,0002 | |
\(Abi_{it}\) | 0,003 | 0,012 |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,007) | (0,009) |
p = 0,640 | p = 0,174 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,441\({}^{***}\) | 0,336\({}^{**}\) |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,126) | (0,171) |
p = 0,0005 | p = 0,050 | |
\(Ost_{i}\) | 0,352\({}^{*}\) | 0,436 |
[Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | (0,182) | (0,275) |
p = 0,053 | p = 0,113 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | 147,840\({}^{***}\) | 170,806\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (13,219) | (18,695) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
\(Zeittrend^{2}_{t}\) | -59,748\({}^{***}\) | -69,281\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (6,167) | (7,926) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
\(Konstante\) | 74,793\({}^{***}\) | 73,900\({}^{***}\) |
(0,962) | (1,400) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 2,222 | 1,093 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,568 | 0,504 |
F Statistik | 418,056\({}^{***}\) | 159,590\({}^{***}\) |
(df = 7; 2214) | (df = 7; 1085) |
5.2 Veränderungen
Abhängige Variable: | ||
---|---|---|
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) | ||
[Jahre] | ||
Gesamtdeutschland | Gesamtdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) | -0,007 | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,005) | |
p = 0,171 | ||
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) | -0,016\({}^{***}\) | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,005) | |
p = 0,003 | ||
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) | -0,006 | -0,011 |
[10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | (0,027) | (0,038) |
p = 0,840 | p = 0,767 | |
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) | 0,003 | -0,001 |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,002) | (0,003) |
p = 0,278 | p = 0,872 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,003 | 0,013 |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,009) | (0,013) |
p = 0,700 | p = 0,314 | |
\(Ost_{i}\) | 0,020\({}^{**}\) | 0,017 |
[Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | (0,009) | (0,012) |
p = 0,021 | p = 0,141 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | -36,440\({}^{***}\) | -33,082\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95–1994/96 = 1] | (2,732) | (3,808) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
\(Zeittrend^{2}_{t}\) | 16,120\({}^{***}\) | 13,451\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95–1994/96 = 1] | (2,200) | (2,902) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,00001 | |
\(Konstante\) | 0,444\({}^{***}\) | 0,403\({}^{***}\) |
(0,030) | (0,044) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 2007 | 968 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,199 | 0,180 |
F Statistik | 72,220\({}^{***}\) (df = 7; 1999) | 31,383\({}^{***}\) (df = 7; 960) |
6 Prüfung auf Robustheit
6.1 Niveaudaten
Abhängige Variable: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | ||||
[Jahre] | ||||
Westdeutschland | Ostdeutschland | Westdeutschland | Ostdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) | -0,052\({}^{**}\) | -0,001 | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,020) | (0,024) | ||
p = 0,012 | p = 0,952 | |||
PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) | 0,003 | -0,016 | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,024) | (0,018) | ||
p = 0,905 | p = 0,358 | |||
\(VEK_{it}\) | 0,279\({}^{***}\) | 0,467\({}^{***}\) | 0,260\({}^{***}\) | 0,453\({}^{***}\) |
[10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | (0,053) | (0,098) | (0,075) | (0,134) |
p = 0,00000 | p = 0,00001 | p = 0,0005 | p = 0,001 | |
\(Abi_{it}\) | -0,008 | 0,030\({}^{***}\) | 0,001 | 0,032\({}^{***}\) |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,009) | (0,010) | (0,012) | (0,010) |
p = 0,406 | p = 0,004 | p = 0,946 | p = 0,001 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,378\({}^{**}\) | 0,595\({}^{***}\) | 0,003 | 0,594\({}^{***}\) |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,163) | (0,157) | (0,246) | (0,183) |
p = 0,021 | p = 0,0002 | p = 0,992 | p = 0,002 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | 129,295\({}^{***}\) | 56,321\({}^{***}\) | 175,227\({}^{***}\) | 53,615\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (15,230) | (8,782) | (23,112) | (9,635) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,00000 | |
\(Zeittrend^{2}_{t}\) | -48,137\({}^{***}\) | -21,242\({}^{***}\) | -65,630\({}^{***}\) | -22,736\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (6,397) | (5,715) | (8,959) | (4,646) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,0003 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,00000 | |
\(Konstante\) | 75,451\({}^{***}\) | 70,870\({}^{***}\) | 74,366\({}^{***}\) | 71,459\({}^{***}\) |
(1,066) | (1,500) | (1,538) | (2,065) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 1547 | 675 | 759 | 334 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,558 | 0,635 | 0,443 | 0,713 |
F Statistik | 326,816\({}^{***}\) | 196,816\({}^{***}\) | 101,448\({}^{***}\) | 138,730\({}^{***}\) |
(df = 6; 1540) | (df = 6; 668) | (df = 6; 752) | (df = 6; 327) |
Hintergrundbereich | |||||||||||||
Anzahl Dreijahreszeiträume | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
Anzahl Kreise | 10 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 17 | 118 |
Verkehrsbereich | |||||||||||||
Anzahl Dreijahreszeiträume | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
Anzahl Kreise | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 8 | 48 |
Abhängige Variable: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | ||||
[Jahre] | ||||
Westdeutschland | Ostdeutschland | Westdeutschland | Ostdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) | -0,049\({}^{**}\) | 0,003 | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,020) | (0,024) | ||
p = 0,018 | p = 0,907 | |||
PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) | -0,013 | 0,012 | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,024) | (0,029) | ||
p = 0,569 | p = 0,683 | |||
\(VEK_{it}\) | 0,456\({}^{***}\) | 0,436\({}^{***}\) | 0,231\({}^{***}\) | 0,392\({}^{*}\) |
[10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | (0,053) | (0,098) | (0,065) | (0,216) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,00001 | p = 0,0004 | p = 0,070 | |
\(Abi_{it}\) | -0,010 | 0,034\({}^{***}\) | 0,012 | 0,025\({}^{*}\) |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,009) | (0,010) | (0,016) | (0,013) |
p = 0,250 | p = 0,001 | p = 0,437 | p = 0,063 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,326\({}^{**}\) | 0,605\({}^{***}\) | -0,150 | 0,337 |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,163) | (0,157) | (0,333) | (0,227) |
p = 0,046 | p = 0,0002 | p = 0,652 | p = 0,137 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | 66,688\({}^{***}\) | 39,650\({}^{***}\) | 48,447\({}^{***}\) | 30,138\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (15,230) | (8,782) | (6,118) | (4,866) |
p = 0,00002 | p = 0,00001 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
\(Zeittrend^{2}_{t}\) | -27,611\({}^{***}\) | -14,017\({}^{**}\) | -14,520\({}^{***}\) | -11,243\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 =1] | (6,397) | (5,715) | (1,849) | (1,869) |
p = 0,00002 | p = 0,015 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
\(Konstante\) | 72,546\({}^{***}\) | 71,534\({}^{***}\) | 74,768\({}^{***}\) | 71,834\({}^{***}\) |
(1,066) | (1,500) | (1,398) | (3,678) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 1014 | 520 | 416 | 208 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,656 | 0,641 | 0,567 | 0,650 |
F Statistik | 322,654\({}^{***}\) | 155,130\({}^{***}\) | 91,512\({}^{***}\) | 65,174\({}^{***}\) |
(df = 6; 1007) | (df = 6; 513) | (df = 6; 409) | (df = 6; 201) |
Abhängige Variable: | ||
---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | ||
[Jahre] | ||
Gesamtdeutschland | Gesamtdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
PM\({}_{2,5}-Hintergrund_{it}\) | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | -0,142\({}^{***}\) | |
(0,037) | ||
p = 0,0002 | ||
PM\({}_{2,5}-Verkehr_{it}\) | 0,017 | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,064) | |
p = 0,787 | ||
\(VEK_{it}\) | 0,278\({}^{***}\) | 0,155 |
[10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | (0,071) | (0,119) |
p = 0,0001 | p = 0,194 | |
\(Abi_{it}\) | 0,020 | 0,015 |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,014) | (0,022) |
p = 0,143 | p = 0,496 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,564\({}^{***}\) | 0,210 |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,193) | (0,344) |
p = 0,004 | p = 0,543 | |
\(Ost_{i}\) | 0,554\({}^{*}\) | -0,409 |
[Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | (0,308) | (0,472) |
p = 0,073 | p = 0,386 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | -9,593\({}^{**}\) | 7,148 |
[1993/95 = 1] | (4,536) | (11,123) |
p = 0,035 | p = 0,521 | |
\(Zeittrend^{2}_{t}\) | -7,319\({}^{***}\) | -6,000 |
[1993/95 = 1] | (2,740) | (3,937) |
p = 0,008 | p = 0,128 | |
\(Konstante\) | 76,979\({}^{***}\) | 77,653\({}^{***}\) |
(1,337) | (1,985) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 161 | 95 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,671 | 0,330 |
F Statistik | 47,692\({}^{***}\) (df = 7; 153) | 7,606\({}^{***}\) (df = 7; 87) |
Abhängige Variable: | ||
---|---|---|
\(LE_{it}\) | ||
[Jahre] | ||
Gesamtdeutschland | Gesamtdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it-5}\) | -0,035\({}^{**}\) | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,017) | |
p = 0,038 | ||
PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it-5}\) | 0,003 | |
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,017) | |
p = 0,881 | ||
\(VEK_{it-5}\) | 0,261\({}^{***}\) | 0,224\({}^{***}\) |
[10\({}^{3}\) Euro] | (0,067) | (0,084) |
p = 0,0002 | p = 0,008 | |
\(Abi_{it-5}\) | 0,004 | 0,014 |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,009) | (0,010) |
p = 0,614 | p = 0,181 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,400\({}^{***}\) | 0,306\({}^{*}\) |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,140) | (0,179) |
p = 0,005 | p = 0,088 | |
\(Ost_{i}\) | 0,359 | 0,244 |
[Osten = 1, Westen = 0] | (0,237) | (0,339) |
p = 0,130 | p = 0,472 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | 93,830\({}^{***}\) | 193,363\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (29,879) | (48,694) |
p = 0,002 | p = 0,0001 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t^{2}}\) | -33,275\({}^{***}\) | -68,326\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (10,824) | (18,070) |
p = 0,003 | p = 0,0002 | |
\(Konstante\) | 75,656\({}^{***}\) | 74,221\({}^{***}\) |
(1,309) | (1,702) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 1545 | 733 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,400 | 0,329 |
F Statistik | 147,968\({}^{***}\) (df = 7; 1537) | 52,242\({}^{***}\) (df = 7; 725) |
6.2 Veränderungen
Abhängige Variable: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
\(Delta.LE_{it}\) | ||||
[Jahre] | ||||
Westdeutschland | Ostdeutschland | Westdeutschland | Ostdeutschland | |
Hintergrund | Verkehr | Hintergrund | Verkehr | |
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Hintergrund_{it}\) | -0,007 | -0,019\({}^{***}\) | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,007) | (0,006) | ||
p = 0,275 | p = 0,002 | |||
\(Delta\).PM\({}_{10}-Verkehr_{it}\) | -0,0004 | -0,012 | ||
[\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)] | (0,008) | (0,011) | ||
p = 0,964 | p = 0,280 | |||
\(Delta.VEK_{it}\) | 0,017 | -0,323\({}^{***}\) | 0,003 | -0,214\({}^{*}\) |
\([10^{3}Euro]\) | (0,033) | (0,115) | (0,041) | (0,130) |
p = 0,599 | p = 0,006 | p = 0,944 | p = 0,099 | |
\(Delta.Abi_{it}\) | -0,003 | 0,006 | -0,002 | -0,002 |
[10\({}^{2}\) Abiturienten/Absolventen] | (0,003) | (0,004) | (0,005) | (0,006) |
p = 0,357 | p = 0,116 | p = 0,645 | p = 0,787 | |
\(Stadt_{i}\) | 0,012 | -0,027\({}^{*}\) | 0,024 | -0,014 |
[Stadt = 1, Land = 0] | (0,011) | (0,016) | (0,018) | (0,019) |
p = 0,274 | p = 0,092 | p = 0,185 | p = 0,450 | |
\(Zeittrend_{t}\) | -20,666\({}^{***}\) | -17,505\({}^{***}\) | -18,401\({}^{***}\) | -16,256\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (2,293) | (1,759) | (2,969) | (2,696) |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
\(Zeittrend^{2}_{t}\) | 8,235\({}^{***}\) | 9,299\({}^{***}\) | 6,730\({}^{***}\) | 7,351\({}^{***}\) |
[1993/95 = 1] | (1,835) | (1,283) | (2,213) | (2,065) |
p = 0,00001 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,003 | p = 0,0004 | |
\(Konstante\) | 0,394\({}^{***}\) | 0,578\({}^{***}\) | 0,340\({}^{***}\) | 0,566\({}^{***}\) |
(0,038) | (0,040) | (0,050) | (0,063) | |
p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | p = 0,000 | |
Beobachtungen | 1,394 | 613 | 668 | 300 |
Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) | 0,181 | 0,251 | 0,151 | 0,240 |
F Statistik | 52,231\({}^{***}\) | 35,219\({}^{***}\) | 20,819\({}^{***}\) | 16,706\({}^{***}\) |
(df = 6; 1387) | (df = 6; 606) | (df = 6; 661) | (df = 6; 293) |