This chapter builds on earlier discussions of regulation in previous chapters (such as Chapter 8) to deliver a more comprehensive discussion of current regulations applicable to the banking and financial sectors with a focus on the European context. This includes an overview of the drivers of regulatory changes, as well as a thorough examination as to how regulation of the sector, including FinTechs, may evolve in the future. Finally, while the focus of this chapter is the European context, the international context is also considered.
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According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term ‘control’ as a noun means “the power to influence or direct people’s behaviour or the course of events”. The verb “control” can mean “to determine the behaviour or supervise the running of, maintain influence, or authority over someone or something”.
The report recommended fundamental changes to antitrust laws generally and targeted the Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google technology platforms specifically. Several weeks later, the U.S. Department of Justice filed suit against Google, accusing it of using “anticompetitive tactics to maintain and extend its monopolies in the markets for general search services, search advertising and general search text advertising”. Similar regulatory initiatives aimed at platforms are underway around the world, including in the EC, UK, Japan, Korea, and India (Daniel Sokol & Van Alstyne, 2020).