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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Food Security and Food Safety Law

verfasst von : Ines Härtel, Huajiang Yu

Erschienen in: Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The ever growing world population (nine billion by 2050) with its simultaneous increase in longevity, places substantial demands on agricultural production, the food industry as well as on the agricultural and food trade. Added to this, are the growing middle classes in many countries in the world with changing demands and consumer preferences regarding qualitative supply and high quality food. The future central task of agriculture to provide food for a growing world population in sufficient and differentiated measure will become all the more important by reason of this increased quantitative and qualitative demand for food. Here, food security and food safety are intertwined to a high degree. From a fundamental perspective, the universal human right to food norm must be referred to. This includes the basic security of human existence with food (food security) as well as guaranteeing that no health risks emanate from food, including from drinking water (food safety).

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Vorheriges Kapitel Agri-Food Law: Term, Development, Structures, System and Framework

Nächstes Kapitel Land Resources Law

See Chap. 1 of this book.

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Farm_structure_statistics/de. Accessed 1 July 2016.

Further examples are: The sown area of cotton was 3.8 million hectares, decreased by 0.42 million hectares. The sown area of oil-bearing crops was 14.06 million hectares, increased by 0.1 million hectares. The sown area of sugar crops was 17.4 million hectares, decreased by 0.16 million hectares. The total output of grain in 2015 was 621.44 million tons, an increase of 14.41 million tons or up by 2.4% over the previous year. There under, summer grain output was 141.12 million tons, an increase of 3.3%; early rice yield was 33.69 million tons, decreased by 0.9%; autumn grain output was 446.62 million tons, an increase of 2.3%. The total output of cereal was 572.25 million tons, an increase of 2.7% over the previous year. There under, rice output was 208.25 million tons, an increase of 0.8%; wheat output was 130.19 million tons, an increase of 3.2%; maize corn output was 224.58 million tons, an increase of 4.1%. Additionally, the National Bureau of Statistics also released a statement on 8 December, 2015 saying: “According to the results of a nationwide sampling survey of agricultural production for households and comprehensive statistics for agricultural holdings conducted by the NBS in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China for the total grain area sown, yield per unit area, and total grain output in 2015 were as follows: I. The total grain area sown stood at 113,340.5 thousand hectares, an increase of 617.9 thousand hectares over the year, up by 0.5 per cent, of which, the areas sown for grain were 95,648.9 thousand hectares, an increase of 1,045.4 thousand hectares over the last year, and an increase of 1.1 per cent. II. The grain yield per unit area amounted to 5,482.9 kg/ha, an increase of 97.8 kg/ha over the year, an increase of 1.8 per cent. Of which, the yield per unit area of grain was 5,982.9 kg/ha, an increase of 90.8 kg/ha over last year, and up by 1.5 per cent. III. The total grain output accounted for 621,435 thousand tons, an increase of 14,408 thousand tons over the year, and a growth rate of 2.4 per cent. Of which, the total output of grain was 572,253 thousand tons, an increase of 14,846 thousand tons over last year, and a growth rate of 2.7 per cent”. See Chain Reports Hall, China’s grain production realizes continuous increases for 11 years, up by 0.9%. http://www.chinabgao.com/stat/stats/40791.html. Accessed 9 September 2016.

Chain Reports Hall, China’s grain production realizes continuous increases for 11 years, up by 0.9%. http://www.chinabgao.com/stat/stats/40791.html. Accessed 9 September 2016.

http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20141020/13198770_0.shtml. Accessed 9 September 2016.

Universität Stuttgart (2012); a newer study by the WWF (2015) has identified food waste in Germany at 18.4 tons per year, around 10 million tons of this food waste is preventable. However, for all the studies there are problems in the calculations and the data available.

Deutscher Bundestag (2016), p. 33.

See Deutscher Bundestag (2016), p. 33.

Deutscher Bundestag (2016), p. 36.

European Commission COM (2015a) 595 final, recital 12.

European Commission COM (2015a) 595 final, art 1 (9) no 1.

European Commission COM (2015a) 595 final, art 1 (9) no 3, 4.

European Commission COM (2015b) 614 final.

European Commission COM (2015b) 614 final, pp. 14, 15.

Deutscher Bundestag (2016), p. 36.

http://www.bmel.de/DE/Ernaehrung/SichereLebensmittel/RueckstaendeKontaminanten/RueckstaendeKontaminanten_node.html. Accessed 19 September 2016.

http://www.bfr.bund.de/de/bewertung_der_stofflichen_risiken_von_lebensmitteln-432. Accessed 9 September 2016.

Escherichia coli strain (EHEC).

Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) (2013), p. 24.

Codex Alimentarius derives from Latin and means Food Codex.

For detail here: http://www.codexalimentarius.org/. Accessed 9 September 2016; Merkle (1994); Sander (2000), p. 335; Sander (2004); Scholz (2010).

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

World Health Organization.

http://www.codexalimentarius.org/members-observers/observers/en/. Accessed 9 September 2016.

Icking and Winter (2015), pp. 275, 281.

Icking and Winter (2015), pp. 275, 277 ff.

See Statutes of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Adopted in 1961 by the 11th Session of the FAO Conference and in 1963 by the 16th Session of the World Health Assembly Revised in 1966 and 2008, art 1 lit a, b; also Ehm (2013), pp. 395, 408.

Scholz (2010), p. 53, in particular fn. 58.

van der Meulen and Szajkowska (2014), pp. 229, 238.

Recommended International Code of Practice General Principles of Food Hygiene, CAC/RCP 1-1969, rev 4 (2003), p. 5.

http://www.codexalimentarius.org/standards/en/. Accessed 9 September 2016.

Cf. Sander (2000), p. 335.

Scholz (2010), p. 54.

FAO/WHO (2016b), p. 13.

Scholz (2010), p. 54.

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point.

http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/en/haccp98.pdf. Accessed 19 September 2016.

FAO and WHO (2016a), pp. 31 ff.; Hüller and Maier (2006), pp. 267, 281 ff.; Scholz (2010), pp. 56 ff.

For this problem area, see, for example, Scholz (2010), pp. 64–66 with further references.

FAO and WHO (2016a), p. 21; Ehm (2013), pp. 395, 409.

Ehm (2013), pp. 395, 409, took the view that “ihre kontinuierliche Adaption sie zu einem guten Teil in Völkergewohnheitsrecht überführt hat” (its continual adaptation has led, in good part, to customary International Law).

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS).

The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (entered into force on 1 January 1995) 1867 UNTS 493 (SPS Agreement) Annex A no 3 lit b, c, set the standards of International Office of Epizootics and of Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention.

Gehring (2010), § 19 recital 15.

WTO, USA: EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products—Report of the Panel (18 August 1997) WT/DS26/R, 190 recital 8.86, Canada: EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products—Report of the Panel (18 August 1997) WT/DS48/R, 211 recital 8.86.

WTO, USA/Canada: EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products—Report of the Appellate Body (16 January 1998) WT/DS26/AB/R; WT/DS48/AB/R, 65 recital 169 ff.; see also Scholz (2010), pp. 165 ff.

WTO, USA/Canada: EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products—Report of the Appellate Body (16 January 1998) WT/DS26/AB/R; WT/DS48/AB/R, 36 recital 102.

WTO, USA/Canada: EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products—Report of the Appellate Body (16 January 1998) WT/DS26/AB/R; WT/DS48/AB/R, 64 recital 165; see here, Gehring (2010), § 19 recital 17.

A de facto obligatory binding of the standards in the Codex, assumes also, for example, Scholz (2010), p. 179.

See Vaskoska and van der Meulen (2014), pp. 563, 564.

A complete list of the holders of certificates can be accessed at: https://viasyst.net/fssc. Accessed 12 September 2016.

Lange (2016), p. 117.

Lange (2016), pp. 119, 120.

Lange (2016), p. 118.

From the excellent formulation by van der Meulen (2011), p. 103.

van der Meulen (2011), p. 104.

Gundel (2013), § 8 recital 1, 32.

BSE is the abbreviation for bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Commission of the European Communities COM (1997) 176 final.

Commission of the European Communities COM (1997) 183 final.

Commission of the European Communities COM (1999) 719 final.

Commission of the European Communities COM (2000) 1 final.

Härtel (2007), p. 33 with further references.

Cf. Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Lebensmittel- und des Futtermittelrechts (Law for the Revision of the German Food and Feed Law), 1 September 2005 BGBl I, 2618, art 7.

Directive 1999/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation [1999] OJ L 66/16.

Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [2002] OJ L 183/51.

2006, 2008 through Regulations, prior to this through Directives see, Streinz (2015), § 24 recital 49, fn. 103 ff.

Regulation (EC) 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC [2005] OJ L 70/1; Commission Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs [2006] OJ L 364/5.

Streinz (2015), § 24 recital 4.

van der Meulen and Szajkowska (2014), p. 238.

Some authors take this methodological path, see, for example, Riedl and Riedl (2008), p. 64.

Guidance of the Standing Committee for the Food Chain and Animal Health of 26 January 2010 on the Implementation of Articles 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of Regulation (EC) 178/2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety [2002] OJ L 31/1 (General Food Law, “GFL”) 6 ff. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/gfl_req_guidance_rev_8_en.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2017.

Hahn (2015), section 1.2.3.

Hagenmeyer and Teufer (2015), recital 130.

Meyer in Meyer and Streinz (2012) Regulation (EC) 178/2002, art 14 recital 41.

Rathke in Zipfel et al. (2016) Regulation (EC) 178/2002, art 14 recital 10.

Hahn (2015), section 1.1.2.

Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) (2013), p. 10.

Streinz (2007), pp. 47, 53; Streinz (2004), pp. 23, 35 with further references.

Hahn (2015), sections 1.2.5, 2.

Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) (2013), pp. 10, 12.

Streinz (2007), p. 58.

Guidance of the Standing Committee for the Food Chain and Animal Health of 26 January 2010 on the Implementation of Articles 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of Regulation 178/2002 on General Food Law 15 ff. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/gfl_req_guidance_rev_8_en.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2017.

Animals must be identified with ear-marks, passports or bar codes, and previous to slaughtering be furnished with the traceability code of the slaughterhouse.

There are additional obligatory origin indicators for honey, fruit, vegetables, fish, and olive oil. An obligatory origin indicator should, in future, also be introduced for milk, which is used as an added ingredient in milk products, in the interests of the consumer, cf. Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) 1924/2006 and (EC) 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004 [2011] OJ L 304/18 (Food Information to Consumer Regulation (FIC)) recital 32.

Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) 1924/2006 and (EC) 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004 [2011] OJ L 304/18 (Food Information to Consumer Regulation (FIC)) recital 32.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 1337/2013 of 13 December 2013 laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the indication of the country of origin or place of provenance for fresh, chilled and frozen meat of swine, sheep, goats and poultry [2013] OJ L 335/19.

For the question of compatibility with the free movement of goods, see Gundel (2016), p. 176.

For critical examination of the terms “country of origin” and “place of provenance” within the meaning of art 26 no 2, Food Information to Consumer Regulation (FIC), see Grube and Schmölzer (2014), p. 364.

Regulation (EC) 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety [2002] OJ L 31/1, art 19 no 1 (General Food Law “GFL”).

Meyer in Meyer and Streinz (2012) Regulation (EC) 178/2002, art 19 recital 3.

General Food Law “GFL”, art 19 no 2.

General Food Law “GFL”, art 19 no 1.

General Food Law “GFL”, art 10.

See Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelgesetzbuch in the version of its promulgation of 3 June 2013 (BGBl I 1426) as amended by art 4 section 19 of the statute of 18 July 2016 (BGBl I 1666) (LFGB) (German Food and Feed Law) § 39 section 2 no 4.

The legal basis for this comes from the individual state laws for administrative enforcement.

Schröder (2010), p. 69.

100

General Food Law “GFL”, art 6 no 1.

101

General Food Law “GFL”, art 3 no 11.

102

General Food Law “GFL”, art 22 ff.

103

General Food Law “GFL”, art 3 no 13.

104

For the precautionary principle, see van der Meulen and Szajkowska (2014), pp. 246–249.

105

Today in art 191 (2) TFEU.

106

Commission of the European COM (2000) 1 final.

107

General Food Law “GFL”, art 7 no 1; for problems in health protection risk management measures in view of scientific uncertainty, see Schröder (2010), p. 80.

108

In both cases, the EU was subject to the WTO for the legal disputes.

109

General Food Law “GFL”, art 7 no 2.

110

WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

111

Regulation (EC) 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin [2004] OJ L 226/22.

112

Regulation (EC) 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption [2004] OJ L 155/206; Commission Regulation (EC) 2074/2005 of 5 December 2005 laying down implementing measures for certain products under Regulation (EC) 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council and for the organisation of official controls under Regulation (EC) 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, derogating from Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Regulations (EC) 853/2004 and (EC) 854/2004 [2005] OJ L 338/27. Regulation (EC) 854/2004 was repealed by Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products, amending Regulations (EC) No 999/2001, (EC) No 396/2005, (EC) No 1069/2009, (EC) No 1107/2009, (EU) No 1151/2012, (EU) No 652/2014, (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulations (EC) No 1/2005 and (EC) No 1099/2009 and Council Directives 98/58/EC, 1999/74/EC, 2007/43/EC, 2008/119/EC and 2008/120/EC, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 854/2004 and (EC) No 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 89/608/EEC, 89/662/EEC, 90/425/EEC, 91/496/EEC, 96/23/EC, 96/93/EC and 97/78/EC and Council Decision 92/438/EEC (Official Controls Regulation) [2017] OJ L 95/1.

113

In Germany, e.g., die Verordnung über Anforderungen an die Hygiene beim Herstellen, Behandeln und Inverkehrbringen von bestimmten Lebensmitteln tierischen Ursprungs (Tierische Lebensmittel-Hygieneverordnung—Tier-LMHV) of 8 August 2007 (BGBl I 1816, 1828) last amended 8 March 2016.

114

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, Annex I art 4.

115

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, art 4.

116

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, Annex I, part II no 3.

117

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, Annex II.

118

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, art 5.

119

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, art 6.

120

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, art 7.

121

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, art 8.

122

Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L 139/1, art 9.

123

A list of the current national guidelines is found under https://www.bll.de/de/lebensmittel/sicherheit/hygiene. Accessed on 16 September 2016.

124

Rathke in Zipfel et al. (2016) Regulation (EC) 852/2004, art 7 recital 1; for the protective shield function of these guidelines see Gundel (2013), § 8 recital 80 with further references in fn. 421.

125

See Regulation (EC) 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin [2004] OJ L 226/22, Annex I.

126

Regulation (EC) 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin [2004] OJ L 226/22, art 5 no 1; recital 15.

127

Regulation (EC) 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin [2004] OJ L 226/22, Annex II section I part B no 5, 6, 7.

128

Regulation (EC) 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin [2004] OJ L 226/22, Annex II section III.

129

Regulation (EC) 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 1997 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients [1997] OJ L 43/1.

130

Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed [2003] OJ L 268/1.

131

Loosen (2016), p. 3.

132

See Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) 1852/2011 [2015] OJ L 327/1, art 2 no 2.

133

Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) 1852/2011 [2015] OJ L 327/1, art 3 no 2 lit a (“novel food” means any food that was not used for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union before 15 May 1997).

134

Under this category, which was in the previous regulation, was the half-fat margarine Becel of the Unilever Company. It is enriched with plant sterols which should act to reduce cholesterol. It required approval for the margarine under the Novel Food Regulation due to its unusual ingredients. It has been approved Europe-wide since 2000.

135

There is a patent for Mars (candy) for a particular coating of chocolate. This has, however, not yet been used.

136

137

See also as regards the possible use of nanomaterials for food use, Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) 1852/2011 [2015] OJ L 327/1, recital 26, 27.

138

Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) 1852/2011 [2015] OJ L 327/1, art 3 no 2 lit a (v) (“food consisting of, isolated from or produced from animals or their parts, except for animals obtained by traditional breeding practices which have been used for food production within the Union before 15 May 1997…”).

139

140

141

Regulation (EC) 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on food [2006] OJ L 404/9, art 8 no 1; Loosen (2016), pp. 3, 8 f.

142

Regulation (EC) 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on food [2006] OJ L404/9, art 8.

143

Regulation (EC) 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on food [2006] OJ L404/9, art 13 f.

144

As to that Loosen (2016), p. 3.

145

Loosen (2016), pp. 3, 5.

German law Regulation: Verordnung über Nahrungsergänzungsmittel (Nahrungsergänzungsmittelverordnung—NemV) of 24 May 2004 (BGBl I 1011) last amended 31 August 2015.

152

Express legal definition in Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [2002] OJ L 183/51, art 2 lit a.

153

Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [2002] OJ L 183/51, Annexes I, II; German law Regulation: Nahrungsergänzungsmittelverordnung, § 3.

154

Nahrungsergänzungsmittelverordnung, § 5 (1).

155

Delewski (2003), pp. 211 ff.; Streit (2010), pp. 305, 307 ff.

156

See Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 2002/46/EC of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [2002] OJ L 183/51, art 6 no 2.

157

Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 2002/46/EC of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements [2002] OJ L 183/51, art 6 no 3 lit d.

158

159

Regulation (EU) 609/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on food intended for infants and young children, food for special medical purposes, and total diet replacement for weight control and repealing Council Directive 92/52/EEC, Commission Directives 96/8/EC, 1999/21/EC, 2006/125/EC and 2006/141/EC, Directive 2009/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulations (EC) 41/2009 and (EC) 953/2009 [2013] OJ L 181/35, art 1 no 2. The legislative intent of health protection, or food security, derives from the recital no 1 to 3.

160

The use of additives, which should achieve a technological effect in the food concerned, are regulated in Regulation (EC) 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives [2008] OJ L 354/16, while additives with nutritional physiological function are regulated in Regulation (EC) 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals and of certain other substances to foods [2006] OJ L 404/26.

161

Regulation (EC) 1332/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food enzymes and amending Council Directive 83/417/EEC, Council Regulation (EC) 1493/1999, Directive 2000/13/EC, Council Directive 2001/112/EC and Regulation (EC) 258/97 [2008] OJ L 354/7; Regulation (EC) 1334/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on flavorings and certain food ingredients with flavoring properties for use in and on foods and amending Council Regulation (EEC) 1601/91, Regulations (EC) 2232/96 and (EC) 110/2008 and Directive 2000/13/EC [2008] OJ L 354/34; Regulation (EC) 2065/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 November 2003 on smoke flavourings used or intended for use in or on foods [2003] OJ L 309/1.

162

‘Code of Practice for Radiation Processing of Food’ (CAC/RCP 19-1979) Introduction.

163

Cf. Directive 1999/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation [1999] OJ L 66/16, recital 6.

164

165

General Food Law “GFL”, art 17 no 1.

166

General Food Law “GFL”, art 50 to 52.

167

Principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality, TEU, art 5 (1), (2).

168

Streinz (2015), § 24 recital 69.

169

Pursuant to Article 30, and Article 83 ff. of the German Basic Law (GG) for German laws which implement EU Directives and enforce EU Regulations; Articles 30 and 83 ff. GG by analogy for executing EU Regulations with no express German constitutional right to execute (cf. Streinz (2015), § 24 recital 70).

170

Bobbert (2016), p. 33.

171

Bobbert (2016), pp. 33, 38.

172

Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products, amending Regulations (EC) No 999/2001, (EC) No 396/2005, (EC) No 1069/2009, (EC) No 1107/2009, (EU) No 1151/2012, (EU) No 652/2014, (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulations (EC) No 1/2005 and (EC) No 1099/2009 and Council Directives 98/58/EC, 1999/74/EC, 2007/43/EC, 2008/119/EC and 2008/120/EC, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 854/2004 and (EC) No 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 89/608/EEC, 89/662/EEC, 90/425/EEC, 91/496/EEC, 96/23/EC, 96/93/EC and 97/78/EC and Council Decision 92/438/EEC (Official Controls Regulation) [2017] OJ L 95/1, art 4 no 2.

173

For cooperative federalism in Germany, see, for example, Härtel (2012), § 16 recital 87 ff. with further references.

174

Vereinbarung über die Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Bund und den Ländern in Krisenfällen im Bereich der Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelsicherheit (released 31.08.2013). http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/01_Lebensmittel/Krisenmanagement/Bund_Laender_Vereinbarung_2013_08_31.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4. Accessed 16 September 2016.

175

Bobbert (2016), pp. 33, 41; Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift über Grundsätze zur Durchführung der amtlichen Überwachung der Einhaltung lebensmittelrechtlicher, weinrechtlicher, futtermittelrechtlicher und tabakrechtlicher Vorschriften (AVV Rahmen-Überwachung—AVV RÜb) of 3 June 2008 (GMBl 426) last amended 14 August 2013.

176

Bobbert (2016), pp. 33, 42.

177

Bobbert (2016), pp. 33, 43.

178

Weck (2013), ch 9 recital 163.

179

ECJ, Case C-636/11 Karl Berger v Freistaat Bayern [2013] ECLI:EU:C:2013:227. See Wollenschläger (2013), p. 419.

180

For this problem area, see Möstl (2015), pp. 185, 188 mit Nachweisen zur Rechtsprechung und zu den gesetzlichen Reformvorhaben.

181

General Food Law “GFL”, art 50 to 52; Commission Regulation (EU) 16/2011 of 10 January 2011 laying down implementing measures for the Rapid alert system for food and feed [2011] OJ L 6/7.

182

Gundel (2013), § 8 recital 88 with further references in fn. 456.

183

General Food Law “GFL”, art 53.

184

Gundel (2013), § 8 recital 92.

185

General Food Law “GFL”, art 56, 57.

186

The seat was previously in Dublin, therefore, the European Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) is also known under the name “Dublin Authority”.

187

Streinz (2015), § 24 recital 60; Andriessen et al. (2014), p. 407.

188

189

General Food Law “GFL”, art 22 to 49.

190

Pursuant to General Food Law “GFL”, art 17 no 2.

191

Krämer (2015), 5.1.

192

Wagner (2012), ch 27 recital 106.

193

Weck (2013), ch 8 recital 140.

194

The Three-year Famine (1959–1961).

195

Bian (2014), p. 81.

196

See about this and the development Snyder (2015), ch 3, p. 156.

197

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 82.

198

The law of the 8th National People’s Congress Standing Committee of the Sixteenth Meeting of the People’s Republic of China on 30 October 1995 through and be promulgated. According to “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China” Article 104, “Food Sanitation Law of the People’s Republic of China” repealed with effect from 1 June 2009. Instead, the “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China”.

199

Yongmin (2004), pp. 1, 2 f.; see in detail about the Food Safety Law 1995, Snyder (2015), ch 3, pp. 157 ff.

200

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 82.

201

Occurred in June 2008, China added industrial chemicals melamine milk scandal. Is China’s major food safety incidents together. Events leading to nearly 30 million children eat Sanlu milk powder produced with varying degrees of damage to kidney stones and other events also led to the bankruptcy of Sanlu Group, Tian Wenhua was sentenced directly responsible for producing and selling fake or substandard products and sentenced to life imprisonment and deprivation of political rights life and fined RMB 24.687,411 million.

202

Zhu (2010), p. 20.

203

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 82.

204

MOH (2012) Implementation of 12th Five Year Plan, 13 August 2012. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2012-08/13/content_2203120.htm. Accessed 27 March 2017.

205

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 84.

206

The MOH promulgated Administrative Regulations on National Food Safety Standards in 2010 to set up rules on the proposing, drafting, reviewing and releasing of national food safety standards.

207

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 83.

208

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 83.

209

The Ordinance on 29 May 1999 People’s Republic of China State Council Decree No 266 Published according to 29 November 2001, “the State Council on Revising <feed and feed additives regulations>” the first revision of 26 October 2011 177 State Council executive meeting amended by the second Amendment “decision of the State Council on Amending Some administrative regulations,” according to 7 December 2013.

210

The Ordinance since 8 May 1997 People’s Republic of China State Council Decree No 216 promulgated, 29 November 2001 Revision implemented.

211

The Ordinance on 24 March 2004, the 45th executive meeting of the State Council, shall go into effect 1 November 2004.

212

The regulations by 30 September 2006 the Ministry of Agriculture at the 25th executive meeting examined and adopted come into force since 1 November 2006.

213

The regulations on 15 March 2010 by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Works meeting examined and adopted, to be published from the date of promulgation.

214

The regulations by 30 January 2002 to consider the national Certification and Accreditation Administration of the 7th director of the office adopted by 3 April 2002 the Ministry of Agriculture 5th executive meeting, 11 April 2002 State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine General director’s office of the 27th meeting examined and adopted, to be published from the date of promulgation.

215

The Regulations 31 May 2013 released by the National Health and Family Planning Commission Order No 1. The “measures” total 24 became effective 1 October 2013. The former Ministry of Health, 1 December 2007 announced “new resources of food management practices” to be abolished.

216

The regulations on 20 September 2010 by the Ministry of Health to be published by the executive meeting, shall go into effect 1 December 2010.

217

31 August 2015, China Food and Drug Administration Order No 16 announced the “food production license management approach.” The “Rules” sub-General, application and acceptance, examination and decision, license management, change, renewal, cancellation and re-submit, supervision, and legal liability, Chapter 62 of Annex 8, shall go into effect 1 October 2015.

218

“Food service license management approach” and “food service food safety supervision and management measures” were implemented with effect from 1 May 2010.

219

The regulation by the State Food and Drug Administration executive meeting examined and adopted and shall come into force from 1 October 2015.

220

The regulations 30 July 2009 by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce Bureau of People’s Republic of China executive meeting examined and adopted and published from the date of promulgation. According to 10 November 2015 the State Administration for Industry and Commerce Decree No 79 Decision on Abolishing “circulation of food safety supervision and management measures and food distribution license management approach” abolition.

221

11 March 2015, China Food and Drug Administration Order No 12 announced the “food recall management approach.” The “Rules” sub-General, to stop production and operation, recall, disposal, supervision and management, legal liability, Chapter 7 of Annex 46, shall go into effect 1 September 2015.

222

The regulations by 22 July 2010 the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Bureau executive meeting examined and approved, implemented since 1 March 2012.

223

The regulations by 1 March 2006 the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Bureau executive meeting examined and approved, implemented since 1 April 2006.

224

The Regulations by 24 January 2013 the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine executive meeting examined and approved, implemented since 1 May 2013.

225

The Regulations by 10 March 2010 the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine executive meeting examined and approved, implemented since 1 June 2011.

226

The regulations by 23 February 2009 the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Bureau executive meeting examined and approved, implemented 1 September 2009.

227

The Regulations, 27 August 2007 order by the State Bureau of Quality Supervision No 102 published 28 August 2009 State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Bureau executive meeting examined and adopted the Decision on Revising <food labeling regulations> and 2009 on 22 October promulgated.

228

The regulations by 13 June 2012 the Ministry of Agriculture 7th executive meeting, People’s Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture Order No 6 of 2012 published 30 July 2012. The “Rules” sub-General, with the approval of the application to use the logo, logo use and management, supervision and inspection, Chapter 5 of Annex 32, shall go into effect 1 October 2012. Ministry of Agriculture, 11 January 1993 issued a “green label management approach” (1993 Agriculture (green) word No 1) be abolished.

229

The Regulations 30 September 2006 by the Ministry of Agriculture, the 25th executive meeting, shall go into effect 1 November 2006.

230

The Regulations 23 November 2010 by the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine executive meeting examined and adopted, implemented since 1 February 2011.

231

The Regulations 30 December 1996 by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce promulgated by Order No 72, 3 December 1998 the State Administration for Industry Order No 86 Amendment.

232

Zhu (2010), pp. 8–9.

233

Zhu (2010), p. 10.

234

See the Article 118 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

235

See the Article1 in Food Safety Law of People’s Republic of China.

236

Zhu (2010), p. 5.

237

Zhu (2010), p. 6.

238

The rules 20 September 2010 by the Ministry of Health by the executive meeting, implemented from 1 December 2010.

239

See Article 24 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

240

See Article 25, 27 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

241

See Article 28 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

242

There are two categories of green food: AA and A. AA green food’s standard is the same as that of organic food. The standard of A is higher than normal food, bit lower than AA green food or organic.

243

The MOA launched a pollution-free product program in 2001.

244

See Article 11–Article 14 in Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

245

See Chapter 3 in Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, see art 15.

246

See Chapter 4 in Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

247

See Chapter 5 in Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

248

See Chapter 6 in Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

249

See Chapter 7 in Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

250

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 88.

251

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 88.

252

See Article 21 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

253

See Chapter 2 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

254

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 91.

255

http://www.fas.usda.gov/data/china-chinese-standards-food-additives-gb2760-2015. Accessed 28 March 2017.

256

Bian (2014), pp. 81, 91.

257

See Chapter 4 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

258

http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/general_rules_for_the_labeling_of_prepackaged_foods_gb7718-2011.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2017.

259

Zhu (2010), pp. 67–80.

260

Zhu (2010), pp. 100–108.

261

Zhu (2010), pp. 114–130.

262

Zhu (2010), pp. 137–148.

263

See Chapter 8 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

264

See Chapter 9 in Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

265

http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Businessregulations/201303/20130300046024.shtml. Accessed 28 March 2017.

266

On 29 June 2011 at the 21st Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People’s Congress, the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Lu Yongxiang: The report on the law enforcement inspection team of Standing Committee of NPC inspects the implementation of the Food Safety Law, from: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2011-07/01/content_1662436.htm. Accessed 28 March 2017.

267

268

269

Referred from Article 5 to 8 in the Food Safety Law.

270

Referred from Article 9 to 13 in the Food Safety Law.

271

See Ministry of Commerce and the State food and drug administration: guidance notice on the demonstration project of food safety in the food service industry. State Food and Drug Administration food [2010] No 235 Law Library website: http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=317028. Accessed 28 March 2017.

272

Referred from Article 4, Chapter 4 and Chapter 8 in the Food Safety Law.

273

See Amendment (VIII) to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China.

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Titel: Food Security and Food Safety Law
verfasst von: Ines Härtel
Huajiang Yu
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67665-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-67666-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1_2

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