nach oben

Erschienen in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. For Lack of Letters: Early Typographical Shibboleths of English and Other Foreign Languages

verfasst von : James Misson

Erschienen in: Print Culture, Agency, and Regionality in the Hand Press Period

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter examines how and why foreign languages were manifested imperfectly, or not at all, in books printed in England in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It shows how the affordances of Latinate typographic technology did not accommodate other languages without concessions being made. The first half of the chapter identifies and characterises a trope in which printers explained, in paratexts written to the reader, that they lacked the correct fonts. Different solutions to this lack are then surveyed, showing that a reliance on mixing media and fonts led to the conspicuous othering of languages on the page. These improvisations are described as ‘kludging,’ and the second half of the chapter shows that kludges in English language texts can be read as a shibboleth of English identity in a Latinate context.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Print Agency and Civic Press Identity Across the Border: Commerce and Regional Improvement in the Glasgow Advertiser, Liverpool General Advertiser, and the Urban Directories of Liverpool and Glasgow, 1765–1795

Nächstes Kapitel A New Type: Sans Serif Typography and Midlands Regional Identity

A typographic facsimile is given in Surtz and Hexter (1965, 18–19).

See the OED’s first sense of the adjective ‘strange’: ‘Of persons, language, customs, etc.: Of or belonging to another country; foreign, alien’ (‘strange, adj. and n.,’ OED [accessed 19 February, 2019]).

British Library, MS Lansdowne 15, fol. 99^r, cited by King (2006, 86). Parker writes that the ‘newe Italian letter’ cost 40 marks—a denomination normally reserved for substantial expenditures like land, worth two-thirds of a pound (‘mark, n.2,’ OED).

‘Tertiam partem propter inopiam hebraicorum characterum quibus impressor caret’ (Lloyd Jones 1989, 45).

‘Pro tuo candore optime lector aequo animo feras, si quae litterae in exemplis Hellenismi uel tonis, uel spiritibus, uel affectioribus carean. Iis enim non satis erat instructus typographus uidilicet recens ab eo fusis characteribus graecus, nec parata ea copia, qua ad hoc agendum opus est’ (Linacre 1524, fol. 1^v).

Lekprevik is discussed by Rebecca J. Emmett in this volume (Chap. 7).

These observations are based on two copies examined, Bodleian Library Ashm. 1188 (1) and Bodleian Library D 12.6 (11) Linc.

A grammatically unclear phrase but which may be translated as ‘deification of eternal love.’ I am grateful to Geri Della Rocca de Candal for his assistance with this line.

‘skil’, Middle English Dictionary, University of Michigan http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED40677 [accessed 28 February 2019].

The ragged r (sometimes called R rotunda) which Carter describes is a variant form of blackletter r resembling the numeral 2. See Updike (1922, 109).

For a discussion of proportional distribution in fonts, see Werner (2019, 41).

Hellinga, for instance, describes an upside-down ‘Q’ playing the role of a ‘d’ (Hellinga 2007, 272).

‘kludge, n.’ OED Online [Accessed 20 February 2019].

Pynson printed a counterpart book in the same year that gave some of Whytstons’ argument in English verse: The Gardyners Passetaunce. It is, typically, set in blackletter throughout. Like De justicia, it employs explicitly nationalist strategies such as invoking Saint George: ‘And saynt George assistynge our valiau[n]t Englysshmen/Fraunce shall haue a fall our lorde saye Amen.’ Williams gives a summary of the political context of the two books (1985, 15–25).

‘shibboleth, n.,’ OED Online [accessed February 27, 2019].

Anonymous. 1493. Here endith a compendiouse treetise dyalogue. of Diues [et] paup[er]…. London: Richard Pynson.

Anonymous. 1539. Articuli ad narrationes nouas pertinentes formati. London: Robert Redman.

Baines Reed, Talbot. 1952. The Old English Letter Foundries. London: Faber & Faber.

Baret, John. 1574. An aluearie or triple dictionarie, in Englishe, Latin, and French. London: Henry Denham.

Barker, Nicolas. 2002. ‘The old English letter foundries’. In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, III, ed. John Barnard, D.F. McKenzie and Maureen Bell, 602–619. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Bringhurst, Robert. 2005. The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks.

Carlson, David R. 1993. English Humanist Books: Writers and Patrons, Manuscript and Print, 1475–1525. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Carter, Harry. 2002. A View of Early Typography up to About 1600. London: Hyphen Press.

Coldiron, Anne. 2015. Printers Without Borders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Daniell, David. 1992. Tyndale’s Old Testament. London: Yale University Press.

Derrett, J. Duncan M. 1966. ‘The Utopian Alphabet’. Moreana 3.4: 61–65.CrossRef

Derrida, Jacques. 2002. Writing and Difference. London: Routledge Classics.

Dolman, John. 1561. ‘To the Reader’, in Those fyue questions, which Marke Tullye Cicero, disputed in his manor of Tusculanum…. London: Thomas Marshe.

Galbraith, Steven K. 2008. ‘“English” Black-Letter Type and Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender’. Spenser Studies 23: 13–40.

Gaskell, Philip. 1974. A New Introduction to Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Granholm, Jackson W. 1962. ‘How to Design a Kludge’. DATAMATION 1962.

Hellinga, Lotte. 1999. ‘Printing’. In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, III, ed. Lotte Hellinga and Joseph B. Trapp, 65–108. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

———. 2007. Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Library (BMC). Part XI: England. T’Goy Houten: Hes and De Graaf.

Hope, Andrew. 2014. ‘The Printed Book Trade in Response to Luther: English Books Printed Abroad’. In A Companion to the Early Printed Book in Britain, ed. Vincent Gillespie and Susan Powell, 272–289. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.

Horman, William. 1519. Vulgaria. London: Richard Pynson.

Jensen, Kristian. 1986. ‘De Emendata Structura Latini Sermonis: The Latin Grammar of Thomas Linacre’. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 49: 106–125.CrossRef

King, John N. 2006. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and Early Modern Print Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Lekprevik, Robert. 1563. ‘The Printer to the Reader’. In The confutation of the Abbote of Crosraguels masse. Edinburgh: Robert Lekprevik.

Linacre, Thomas. 1524. De emendata structura Latini sermonis. London: Richard Pynson.

Lloyd Jones, G. 1989. On the Three Languages. Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval & Renaissance Texts.

Loades, David. 1998. ‘Books and the English Reformation prior to 1558.’ In The Reformation and the Book, ed. Jean-François Gilmont, 264–291. Aldershot: Ashgate.

McArthur, Tom. 2003. ‘Shibboleth’. In The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Neville-Sington, Pamela. 1999. ‘Press, Politics and Religion’. In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, III, ed. by Lotte Hellinga and Joseph B. Trapp, 576–607. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Pettegree, Andrew. 2007. The French Book and the European Book World. Leiden: Brill.CrossRef

Smyth, Adam. 2018. Material Texts in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Surtz, S.J. Edward, and Jack H. Hexter. 1965. The Complete Works of St. Thomas More. IV. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Tolkien, J.R.R. 1983. The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays. London: Allen & Unwin.

Tottel, Richard. 1556. ‘The Printer to the Reader’, in A frutefull pleasaunt, [and] wittie worke, of the beste state of a publique weale, and of the newe yle, called Vtopia. Translated by Ralph Robertson. London: Richard Tottel.

Turner, William. 1538. Libellus de re herbaria novus. London: John Byddell.

Tyndale, William. 1530. [The Pentateuch]. Antwerp: Hans Luft [i.e. Johan Hoochstraten].

Updike, Daniel. 1922. Printing Type—their History, Forms, and Use. Boston: Harvard University Press.

Weiss, Adrian, 2007. ‘Casting Compositors, Foul Cases, and Skeletons: Printing in Middleton’s Age’. In Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture: A Companion to the Collected Works, ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino, 195–225. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Werner, Sarah. 2019. Studying Early Printed Books, 1450–1800. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Williams, Franklin B. 1985. The Gardyners Passetaunce. London: The Roxburghe Club.

Whittington, Robert. 1517. Syntaxis. London: Wynkyn de Worde.

Woolfson, Jonathan. 2004. ‘Wakefield [Wakefeld], Robert (d. 1537/8), Hebraist’. ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Titel: For Lack of Letters: Early Typographical Shibboleths of English and Other Foreign Languages
verfasst von: James Misson
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Print Culture, Agency, and Regionality in the Hand Press Period
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88054-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-88055-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88055-2_9