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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

21. Forty Years of Use and Abuse of Impact Testing: A Practical Guide to Making Good FRF Measurements

verfasst von : David L. Brown, Randall J. Allemang, Allyn W. Phillips

Erschienen in: Experimental Techniques, Rotating Machinery, and Acoustics, Volume 8

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Impact testing first came into common use over 40 years ago, once the fast Fourier transform (FFT) was commercially available. Over this period of time, implementation of impact testing has evolved but some of the same problems seem to reoccur. This paper documents the practical guidelines that have evolved, along with some practical examples of what happens when the guidelines are not followed, particularly with respect to overload detection and related errors. In particular, the ADC hardware differences are noted and the distortion problem associated with overloads is thoroughly reviewed. Other issues that are discussed include factors that affect force spectrum, impact hammer calibration, double impacting, use, application and correction for exponential windows and understanding how the time truncation causes leakage for a realistic case involving a lightly damped structural system.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Inline Measurements of Rail Bending and Torsion Through a Portable Device

Nächstes Kapitel Detection of Coupling Misalignment by Extended Orbits

The following is a partial list of published articles over the last forty years that contribute to the background of the methodologies involved with impact testing. There are literally hundreds of published articles if all application examples are included. Our apologies to any author whose publication(s) have been omitted.

Morse IE, Shapton WR, Brown DL, Kuljanic E (1972) Application of pulse testing for determining dynamic characteristics of machine tools. In: 13th international machine tool design and research conference, University of Birmingham, Birmingham

Hewlett Packard Corporation (1972) Dynamic testing of mechanical systems using impulse testing techniques. HP Application Note 140–3

Allemang RJ, Graef T, Powell CD (1974) Dynamic characteristics of rotating and non-rotating machine tool spindles. ASME paper number 73-DET-29, ASME Trans J Eng Ind Ser B 96(1):343–347

Brown DL (1976) Grinding dynamics. PhD dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati

Halvorsen WG, Brown DL (1977) Impulse technique for structural frequency response testing. Sound and Vibration Magazine, Nov 1977, pp 8–21

Fladung WA (1994) Multiple-reference impact testing. MS thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati

Fladung WA, Zucker AT, Phillips AW, Allemang RJ (1999) Using cyclic averaging with impact testing. In: Proceedings of the SEM-IMAC, 7pp

Agardh L (1994) Impact excitations of concrete highway bridges. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Ahn SJ, Jeong WB, Yoo WS (2004) Unbiased expression of FRF with exponential window function in impact hammer testing. J Sound Vib 277(4–5):931–944

Berman MS, Li TH (2001) High-energy modal excitation technique utilizing powder-actuated impact tool. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Bissinger G (1993) Merging microphone and accelerometer hammer-impact modal analysis measurements: working example -the violin bow. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Bissinger G, Chowdury M (1990) Comparison of modal analysis measurements with microphone and accelerometer on hammer-impacted structures. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Bono RW, Lally MJ, Hunt VJ, Aktan AE, Brown DL (1996) Portable, controllable impact excitation for civil infrastructure. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Brandt (2010) Impact excitation processing for improved frequency response quality. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, pp 7

Brown DL (1679) The weaknesses of impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, pp 1672–1676

Brown DL, Witter MC (2010) Review of recent developments in multiple-reference impact testing. Sound Vib Mag, pp 8–16 In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, pp 18

Brown DL, Carbon GD, Ramsey K (1977) Survey of excitation techniques applicable to the testing of automotive structures. SAE Paper Number 770029, pp 16

Brown DL, Phillips AW, Witter MC (2011) Practical trouble shooting test methodologies. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, pp 12

Carne TS, Stasiunas ET (2006) Lessons learned in modal testing-part 3: transient excitation for modal testing, more than just hammer impacts. Experimental Techniques, May/June, 2006, pp 69–79

Catbas FN (1997) Investigation of global condition assessment and structural damage identification of bridges with dynamic testing and modal analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Catbas FN, Lenett M, Brown DL (1997) Modal analysis of multi-reference impact test data for steel stringer bridges. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Champoux Y, Paillard B, Machéto D (2001) Moment excitation using two synchronized impact hammers. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Chouychai T, Vinh T (1986) Analysis of non linear structure by programmed impact testing and higher order transfer function. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Chouychai, Vinh T (1987) Impact testing of non-linear structures. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Corelli DA, Brown DL (1984) Impact testing considerations. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Correlli DL, Zimmerman RD (1990) Electric impact hammer – a performance comparison between the PCB electric impact hammer and conventional impact hammers. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Dillon M, Fladung B, Brown DL (1996) Improved impact testing throughput by using a 3D digitizing system. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Doebling SW, Farrar CR, Cornwell PJ (1997) A statistical comparison of impact and ambient testing results from the Alamosa Canyon bridge. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Dong J, McConnell KG, Atfonzo M, Golovanova L (1998) Error reduction of measured impact forces and their lines of action via cross sensitivity studies. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Fladung WA (1994) Multiple-reference impact testing. MS Thesis, University of Cincinnati, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fladung WA (1997) Windows used for impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Fladung WA, Brown DL (1993) Multiple reference impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Fladung WA, Rost RW, Brown DL (1994) Further developments of multiple reference impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Fladung WA, Rost RW, Poland JB (1994) The modal punch: a new impacting development. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Fladung WA, Zucker AT, Phillips AW, Allemang RJ (1999) Using cyclic averaging with impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Gade S, Herlufsen H (1993) A hand-held exciter for field mobility measurements – an alternative to the impact hammer method. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Hemez FM, Doebling SW, Rhee W (2000) Validation of nonlinear modeling from impact test data using probability integration. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Hemez FM, Wilson AC, Doebling SW (2001) Design of computer experiments for improving an impact test simulation. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Ibrahim SR, Mikulcik EC (1977) A method for the direct identification of vibration parameters from the free response. Shock Vib Bull 47(4): 183–198

Keiffer J, Bissinger G (2001) Planar Grid vs. Geometry-controlled hammer-impact/scanning laser modal analysis. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Kessler CL, Kim J (1999) Application of triaxial force sensor to impact testing of spinning rotor systems. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Kim HS, Schmidtz TL (2007) Bivariate uncertainty analysis for impact testing. Meas Sci Technol, 18(11)

Kong FL, Liang Z, Lee GC (1996) Responses of a model bridge under impact and ambient excitation. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Lenett M, Catbas N, Hunt V, Aktan AE, Helmicki A, Brown DL (1997) Issues in multi-reference impact testing of steel-stringer bridges. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Lenett MS, Helmicki AJ, Hunt VJ (2000) Multi-reference impact testing of FRP bridge deck material. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Lenett MS, Hunt VJ, Helmicki AJ, Shahrooz B (2001) Influence of FRP Decking as measured through impact test data. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Mattson SG, Van Karsen CD, Blough JR, Scheifer M (2000) Design and performance of a gas actuated impact hammer. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

McConnell KG, Varoto PS (1995) The effects of window functions and trigger levels on FRF estimations from impact tests. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Meyer, Wang B, Britt S, Kazi R, Adams DE (2006) Modal impact testing of ground vehicles enabling mechanical condition assessment. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, 9pp

Napolitano K, Yoder N, Brillhart R (2012) A comparison of multiple impact testing methods. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, pp 331–345

Pavic RL, Pimentel R, Waldron P (1998) Instrumented sledge hammer impact excitation: worked examples. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Pickrel CR, Foss GC, Phillips S, Allemang RJ, Brown DL (2004) New concepts in Aircraft ground vibration testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC, pp 6

Rezai MK, Ventura CE, Prion HGL, Lubell AS (1997) Dynamic properties of steel plate shear wall frame by impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Seth BB, Field NL (1984) Structural dynamics characteristics using impact tests. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Sohaney RC, Nieters JM (1985) Proper use of weighting functions for impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Soom, Wang BJ (1987) Frequency domain power transfer during impact testing of structures. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Soom, Wang BJ, Trachsler T (1986) Energy transfer during impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Stanbridge AB, Martarelli M, Ewins DJ (1999) The scanning laser doppler vibrometer applied to impact modal testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Stenger G (1979) Step relaxation method for structural dynamic excitation. Master of Science Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 54pp

Tamhane SK (1984) Feasibility of impact technique for studying nonlinear systems. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Tretheway MW, Cafeo JA (1992) Tutorial: signal processing aspects of structural impact testing. Int J Anal Exp Modal Anal 7(2):129–149

Trethewey MW (1997) Structural impact testing force spectra. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Van Karsen CD, Little EF (1997) The strengths of impact testing. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Varghese J, Dasgupta A (2003) Test tailoring methodology for impact testing of portable electronic products. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Witter MC, Brown DL, Bono RW (1998) Broadband 6 DOF accelerometer calibration via impact excitation. In: Proceedings, SEM-IMAC

Titel: Forty Years of Use and Abuse of Impact Testing: A Practical Guide to Making Good FRF Measurements
verfasst von: David L. Brown
Randall J. Allemang
Allyn W. Phillips
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Experimental Techniques, Rotating Machinery, and Acoustics, Volume 8
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15235-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-15236-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15236-3_21

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