nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. From Establishment to Failure: The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China

verfasst von : Guanqi Zhou

Erschienen in: The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Chapter 4 analyses how the current food safety regime gradually emerged and how regulatory segmentation has been created, stabilized and streamlined over time. The period from 1949 to 2013 is divided into four stages and each stage is analyzed through the key regulatory changes that occurred, with special attention paid to the formation of the regulatory segmentation. Zhou emphasizes the regulatory structure of the food safety regime during the last stage from 2004 to 2013 (the main research period to be analyzed). The key point Zhou wants to convey is that the regulatory segmentation of food safety regime in China has been based on the political and economic positions of consumer groups, and has been embedded historically and stabilized over time.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Towards a Conceptual Framework for Regulatory Regime and Methods

Nächstes Kapitel Food Safety Crises in China

USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, “About Fsis,” http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/informational/aboutfsis.

US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Basics,” http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm195786.htm.

MAFF of Japan, “The Role of Ministry of Agricuture, Forestry and Fisheries,” http://www.maff.go.jp/e/role/index.html.

Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, “Food Safety Information,” http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/foodsafety/administration/index.html.

Food Safety Commission of Japan, “Role of the Food Safety Commission,” http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/aboutus/roleofthefoodsaftycommission_e1.html.

Department of Health and Ageing, “The Role of Department of Health and Ageing,” http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-overview.htm.

Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, “Food Regulation and Safety,” http://www.daff.gov.au/agriculture-food/food/regulation-safety.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand, “Australia’s Safe Food System,” http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/about/safefoodsystem/Pages/default.aspx.

Federal Ministry of Food Agriculture and Consumer Protection, “Introduction on Federal Mnistry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (Bmelv),” http://www.bmelv.de/EN/Ministry/ministry_node.html.

Food Standards Agency, “About FSA,” http://www.food.gov.uk/about-us/about-the-fsa/.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency, “About the Canadian Food Inspection Agency,” http://www.inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/eng/1299008020759/1299008778654.

In 1992, when there was the debate about socialism versus capitalism, Deng pointed out: “whatever works will work”. So Chinese nation unlocked itself from a huge ideological suffocation and embarked upon an unprecedented transformation, unparalleled in scale or scope anywhere in the world, started from Deng’s tour to Southern China, establishing Economic Zones. Information from: Zhikai Gao, “Deng’s Pragmatic Heritage Example for Leaders Worldwide” Global Times, http://www.globaltimes.cn/NEWS/tabid/99/ID/694593/Dengs-pragmatic-heritage-example-for-leaders-worldwide.aspx.

Michael A. Santoro, China 2020: How Western Business Can–and Should–Influence Social and Political Change in the Coming Decade (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2009), ix.

State Council of PRC, “Regulation for Major Responsibilities and Personnel of SFDA.”

“Plan on State Council Organization Reform and Function Transition,” Xinhua News Agency, http://www.gov.cn/2013lh/content_2354443.htm.

Furui Zhang, “Dui Wei Sheng Fang Yi Zhi Neng De Zai Ren Shi [Reconsideration of Health Prevention Function],” Zhong Guo Gong Gong Wei Sheng Guan Li Za Zhi [China Public Health Management Journal] 7, no. 2 (1991).

Liu and McGuire, “One Regulatory State, Two Regulatory Regimes: Understanding Dual Regimes in China’s Regulatory State Building through Food Safety,” 131–33.

Liu Peng, “Tracing and Periodizing China’s Food Safety Regulation: A Study on China’s Food Safety Regime Change,” Regulation & Governance 4, no. 2 (2010): 247.

Ibid.

ACFSMC, “Charter of All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives (ACFSMC),” Xinhua Net, http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-12/27/content_2385266.htm.

Tianjin Government, “Tianjin Shi Ren Min Wei Yuan Hui Guan Yu Zhuan Fa Guo Wu Yuan Pi Zhun De Shi Pin Wei Sheng Guan Li Shi Xing Tiao Li [Notification on Food Hygiene Management Provisional Ordinance Issued by State Council, Tianjin People’s Commission],” Tianjin Zhengbao 1965.

Guangxi Medical Intelligence Institute, “Jiang Su Sheng 1974–1976 Nian Shi Wu Zhong Du Qing Kuang Fen Xi [Analysis of Food Poisoning in Jiangsu Province from 1974–1976],” Domestic Medicine Digest: Disease Prevention 1979, 178.

Having said that, this stage witnessed the largest amount of food-caused deaths in China. The Great Famine from 1958 to 1962 cost tens of millions of lives (with no concrete number; most scholars estimate it to be around 40 million), but this tragedy was due to food security rather than food safety. Source: Ke Feng, Mao Zedong De Da Ji Huang – 1958–1962 De Zhong Guo Hao Jie Shi [Mao Zedong’s Famine – 1958–1962 China’s Disaster] (Hong Kong: New Century Publisher, 2011).

China’s GDP in 1949 was estimated at 46.6 billion Yuan. Data from: NBSC, “China GDP Data,” (National Bureau of Statistics of China).

Ibid.

Yanhe Du, Yinshi Fuwuye Jichu Zhishi [ABC of the Food Service Industry] (Beijing: China Finance and Economy Publishing House, 1989), 30.

Lvping Lv, Guoneiwai Shipin Gongye Gaikuang [Summary on Food Industry inside and Outside China] (Beijing: Economy Daily Publisher, 1987), 37.

Baofeng Zhang, Zhongwai Rupin Gongye Fazhan Gailan [Summary of Domestic and Overseas Dairy Industry Development] (Ha’er Bin: Ha’er Bin Map Publishing House, 2005), 14, 23.

Beijing Statistics Bureau, Beijing Food Industry Association, and Food Industry Office of Beijing, Beijing Shipin Gongye [Beijing Food Industry] (Beijing: Beijing Science & Technology Publishing House, 1986), 66–67.

Hu Wang and Changjian Li, “The Crisis of Mainstream Paradigm: Introspection and Reforming of China’s Food Safety Regulation,” Journal of South China Agriculture University (Social Science Edition) 7, no. 4 (2008): 135.

Yan, “Food Safety and Social Risk in Contemporary China,” 708.

Yinglian Hu, “Regime Logics of ‘Major Ministries’ on Food Safety,” China Reform 352, no. 3 (2013), http://www.caixin.com/2013-03-11/100499693_all.html#page2.

Standing Committee of NPC, “Food Hygiene Act of the People’s Republic of China (Provisional),” ed. The NPC Standing Committee (Beijing, 1982).

Ibid.

Xue and Zhong, “Domestic Reform and Global Integration: Public Administration Reform in China over the Last 30 Years,” 292.

Peng, “Tracing and Periodizing China’s Food Safety Regulation: A Study on China’s Food Safety Regime Change,” 252.

The informal economy is defined as part of economic activity unregulated by the institutions of society, in a legal and social environment in which similar activities are regulated. Quoted in Castells and Portes, “World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics and Effects of the Informal Economy,” 12.

State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform (SCOPSR), “1993 Nian Guo Wu Yuan Ji Gou Gai Ge De Qing Kuang [State Council Reform in 1993],” State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform (SCOPSR), http://www.scopsr.gov.cn/zlzx/zlzxlsyg/201203/t20120323_35153.html.

Yukai Wang, Hao Wu, and Xiaofang Wang, “Wo Guo Xing Zheng Guan Li Ti Zhi Gai Ge San Shi Nian Li Shi Hui Gu [Review of China’s Administration Reform in the Past 30 Years],” CPC News, http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/49150/49152/7810078.html.

Ibid.

For example, at the central level, the Ministry of Health will be in charge of food hygiene issues, while at the provincial level, the individual provincial Department of Health will take on the role, and it will be the Bureau of Health at the city level.

Standing Committee of NPC, “Food Hygiene Law of the People’s Republic of China,” ed. Standing Committee of NPC (Beijing: Standing Committee of NPC, 1995).

NPC of PRC, “Implementation Report on Food Hygiene Law of the People’s Republic of China by Standing Committee of NPC,” NPC of PRC, http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2000-12/07/content_5003785.htm.

Ibid.

Jun Han, Report on Food Safety in China (Beijing: Social Science Academic Press (China), 2007).

Ibid.

State Council of PRC, “Regulation for Major Responsibilities and Personnel of SFDA.”

Wang, Wu, and Wang, “Wo Guo Xing Zheng Guan Li Ti Zhi Gai Ge San Shi Nian Li Shi Hui Gu [Review of China’s Administration Reform in the Past 30 Years]”.

CFDA, “China Food and Drug Administration Information Guide,” CFDA, http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0464/.

Haoping Qian, “Zhong Guo You Duo Shao Zheng Bu Ji Dan Wei? [How Many Ministerial Level Departments Are There in China?],” Southern Weekly 2012.

Hu, “Regime Logics of ‘Major Ministries’ on Food Safety”.

MOH, Zhong Guo Wei Sheng Tong Ji Nian Jian 1991–2006 [China Health Statistical Yearbook 1991–2006] (Beijing: Beijing Union Medical College Press, 1991–2006).

Standing Committee of NPC, “Food Hygiene Law of the People’s Republic of China.”

Mingang Lin and Jinliang Xu, “Research on Government Regulation of Food Safety in China’s Transitional Period,” Chinese Public Administration, no. 10 (2008).

Standing Committee of NPC, “Food Hygiene Law of the People’s Republic of China,” Art. 3.

Jing Li, “Effectiveness of Food Safety Regulatory System in China—A Case Study on China Dairy Industry,” Wuhan University Journal (Philosophy & Social Science) 64, no. 2 (2011): 88.

People’s Net, “Topic: Fuyang Milk Powder,” People’s Net News, http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shehui/8217/33048/.

State Council of PRC, “State Council Decision on Strengthening Food Safety Control,” (Beijing: General Office of State Council (PRC), 2004).

Ibid.

NDRC is a significant part of State Council of PRC. It is in charge of researching and developing economic and social policies, evaluating existing policies, and providing guidance on macro adjustment of economic reform in China.

State Council of PRC, “State Council Decision on Strengthening Food Safety Control.”

“Regulation for Major Responsibilities and Personnel of Sfda.”

“State Council Decision on Strengthening Food Safety Control.”

“State Council Special Decision on Food Safety Supervision and Management,” General Office of State Council (PRC), http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-07/27/content_699138.htm.

Ibid.

The original agencies involved in food safety regulation were: MOA, MOH, SAIC, SFDA, and AQSIQ, and the other 10 were: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Ministry of Public Security (MPS), Ministry of Supervision (MOS), Ministry of Finance (MOF), General Administration of Customs (GAC), State Administration of Taxation (SAT), Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council (LAO), and State Council Information Office (SCIO).

State Council of PRC, “Adjustment of Advisory and Coordinating Organs under the State Council,” General Office of the State Council (PRC), http://www.360doc.com/content/13/0310/16/7499155_270588251.shtml.

Xinhua News Agency, “The Status and Timing of Food Safety Commission of State Council,” Xinhua New Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-02/11/content_12964640.htm.

NPC of PRC, “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China”.

State Council of PRC, “Food Safety Law Implementation Measures,” General Office of State Council (PRC), http://www.saic.gov.cn/fldyfbzdjz/zcfg/xzfg/200909/t20090927_71292.html.

Ibid., art. 5.

NPC of PRC, “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China,” art. 18–26.

Ibid., art. 12–14.

Ibid., art. 75.

Ibid., art. 8–10, 21, 26, 54.

Ibid., art. 84–98.

General Office of the State Council (PRC), “Announcement on Establishment of of Food Safety Commission of State Council”.

Advisory and Coordinating Organ under the State Council is responsible for: “organization and coordination of key tasks carried by different Ministries, Organizations, Administrative Offices, Institutions and Bureaus under the State Council”. The agenda agreed by Advisory and Coordinating Organ should be approved by the State Council, and then be implemented by different Ministries, Organizations, Administrative Offices, Institutions and Bureaus accordingly. Upon emergencies, Advisory and Coordinating Organ shall stipulate interim administrative measures under with approval of the State Council. Quoted from: State Council of PRC, “State Council Administrative Structure and Management Regulations,” Xinhua News Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-08/13/content_1024686.htm.

Ibid.

The Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) is China’s top leadership body, making decisions in all major policy spheres. PBSC is a way to show “collective leadership”, and no other party or government body can overrule the PBSC. There are seven members of the PBSC: Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Zhang Dejiang, Yu Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan, and Zhang Gaoli. Normally PBSC members are also leaders of major pillars of governance, including the Central Party Committee, the State Council, the National People’s Congress, and the Chinese Political Consultative Conference.

Now Wang Qishan is the Chairman of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and a member of The Politburo Standing Committee.

State Council of PRC, “Announcement of Establishing Food Safety Commission of State Council,” General Office of State Council (PRC), http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-02/10/content_1532419.htm.

Haiying Wang et al., “Gao Bie ‘Jiu Long Zhi Shui’, Shi Pin an Quan Shi Fou Neng Kua Yue ‘San Chong Men’ [Farewell to ‘Nine Dragons on Water Management’, Can Food Safety Go over ‘Three Obstacles’,” Xinhua News Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/2013lh/2013-03/15/c_115038110_3.htm.

CFDA, “Main Responsibilities for China Food and Drug Administration,” http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0003/.

“Main Responsibilities for Food Safety Division One Under CFDA,” http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL1321/.

“Main Responsibilities for Food Safety Division Two Under CFDA,” http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL1322/.

“Main Responsibilities for Food Safety Division Three Under CFDA,” http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL1323/.

Food Safety Standard and Assessment Division of National Health and Family Planning Commission of People’s Republic of China (NHFPC), “Main Responsibilities of Food Safety Standard and Assessment Division of NHFPC,” http://www.moh.gov.cn/sps/pzyzz/lm.shtml.

China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, “Responsibilities for China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment,” China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, http://www.cfsa.net.cn/Article/Singel.aspx?channelcode=B2957AD28C393252428FF9F892D1EDE1811F73D8044090E5&code=224F8CC60FBB5F9730DD1A1FEB4FFBECADA5BD5859FE051B.

Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Department of MOA, “Major Responsibilities of Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Department of Moa,” Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Department of MOA, http://www.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/jianguanju/jieshao/zhineng/201006/t20100606_1532739.htm.

Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, “Major Responsibilities of Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center,” Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, http://www.aqsc.agri.gov.cn/zhxx/zzjg/201012/t20101228_73068.htm.

Food Distribution Supervision Department of SAIC, “Major Responsibilities of Food Distribution Supervision Department of SAIC,” Food Distribution Supervision Department of SAIC, http://www.saic.gov.cn/zzjg/jgsz/200905/t20090523_48790.html.

Import & Export Food Safety Department of AQSIQ, “Major Responsibilities of Import & Export Food Safety Department of AQSIQ,” Import & Export Food Safety Department of AQSIQ, http://jckspaqj.aqsiq.gov.cn/sjjs/200610/t20061030_20951.htm.

National Food Safety Information Center, “Responsibilities of National Food Safety Information Center,” National Food Safety Information Center, http://www.fsi.gov.cn/about.jsp?id=1. Some typical information disclosure websites are www.fsr.org.cn and www.fsi.gov.cn.

Yasuda and Ansell, “Regulatory Capitalism and Its Discontents: Bilateral Interdependence and the Adaptability of Regulatory Styles,” 182.

Pearson, “The Business of Governing Business in China: Institutions and Norms of the Emerging Regulatory State,” Hsueh, China’s Regulatory State: A New Strategy for Globalization.

Shanghai Chorography Office, “Chorography of Shanghai Product Inspection Bureau,” Shanghai Chorography Office, http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node2245/node67984/node67995/node68050/node68126/userobject1ai65546.html.

Peng, “Tracing and Periodizing China’s Food Safety Regulation: A Study on China’s Food Safety Regime Change.”

Information Office of State Council of PRC, “China Foreign Trade Whitepaper”.

100

Yongjiagn Li, “Food Import and Export of China,” International Trade, no. 8 (1994).

101

Yasuda and Ansell, “Regulatory Capitalism and Its Discontents: Bilateral Interdependence and the Adaptability of Regulatory Styles.”

102

Hsueh, China’s Regulatory State: A New Strategy for Globalization: 237–46.

103

Xue and Zhong, “Domestic Reform and Global Integration: Public Administration Reform in China over the Last 30 Years.”

104

Standing Committee of NPC, “Food Hygiene Law of the People’s Republic of China.”

105

NPC of PRC, “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China”.

106

Beijing Municipal Chronicles Committee, Beijing Zhi, Shangye Juan, Fu Shipin Shangye Zhi [Beijing Chronicles: Commerce & Non-Staple Food].

107

Liu and McGuire, “One Regulatory State, Two Regulatory Regimes: Understanding Dual Regimes in China’s Regulatory State Building through Food Safety,” 124–30.

108

State Council of PRC, “Plan on State Council Organization Reform and Function Transition”.

109

Ibid.

110

Edward S. Steinfeld, Playing Our Game: Why China’s Economic Rise Doesn’t Threaten the West (Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010), 59.

Titel: From Establishment to Failure: The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China
verfasst von: Guanqi Zhou
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50441-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-50442-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50442-1_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"