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2005 | Buch

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Frontiers in Chemical Sensors

Novel Principles and Techniques

herausgegeben von: Prof. Dr. Guillermo Orellana, Prof. Dr. Maria C. Moreno-Bondi

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

With their similarity to the organs of the most advanced creatures that inhabit the Earth, sensors are regarded as being the “senses of electronics”: arti?cial eyes and ears that are capable of seeing and hearing beyond the range of - man perception; electronic noses and tongues that can recognise odours and ?avours without a lifetime training; touch that is able not only to feel the texture and temperature of the materials but even to discern their chemical compo- tion. Among the world of chemical sensors, optical devices (sometimes termed “optodes”, from the Greek “the optical way”) have reached a prominent place in those areas where the features of light and of the light-matter interaction show their advantage: contactless or long-distance interrogation, detection sensitivity, analyte selectivity, absence of electrical interference or risks, and lack of analyte consumption, to name just a few. The introduction of optical ?bres and integrated optics has added more value to such sensing since now light can be con?ned and readily carried to dif?cult-to-reach locations, higher information density can be transported, indicator dyes can be immobilised at the distal end or the evanescent ?eld for unique chemical and biochemical sensing (including multiplexed and distributed measurements), optical s- sors can now be subject to mass production and novel sensing schemes have been established (interferometric, surface plasmon resonance, ?uorescence energy transfer, supramolecular recognition . . . ).

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Absorbance-Based Integrated Optical Sensors

Abstract

Optochemical sensors have had a huge expansion and in recent years interesting sorts of optical sensor have been developed which make use of the integrated circuit microelectronic technology and the optical technological advances achieved in the telecommunications industry. These devices are based on optical fibers, planar waveguides or the combination of both supports as light-guiding structures and offer an enhanced performance thanks to a miniaturized size, a feasible mass production at low cost, the possibility to measure at large distances and the capability of reaching places hard to access for the in situ monitoring of environmental or medical parameters. In this chapter, we provide an overall view of integrated chemical sensors based on absorbance measurements, describing their main characteristics, advantages and drawbacks. In order to focus on these types of devices, first of all, a brief classification is given, in terms of the interaction mechanisms and the reactive phases or membranes that are involved in the response, and the radiation transmission medium. Next, different waveguide configurations are briefly described because of to the relevancy of these structures as the main constituent of integrated optodes and, finally, some absorbance-based integrated sensors are detailed.

Mar Puyol, Francisco Villuendas, Carlos Domínguez, Víctor Cadarso, Andreu Llobera, Iñigo Salinas, Ignacio Garcés, Julián Alonso

Luminescence Lifetime-Based Imaging of Sensor Arrays for High-Throughput Screening Applications

Abstract

This review highlights optical imaging technologies for the fluorescent read out of sensor arrays. Chemosensor arrays for the determination of pH, oxygen partial pressure or metal ions found particular applications in biomedical and environmental analysis. On the other hand, the monitoring of biomolecular interactions, e.g. of DNA sequences or proteins, is an important tool in pharmaceutical research and medical diagnosis. Microwell plate-based assays provided the possibility to analyze a large number of samples in parallel in a very short time. The development of microarray technologies was a step forward in miniaturization of high-throughput (or multiplexed) assay formats. The analysis of both microwell plate and microarray-based assays are subject of this survey, focussing on fluorescence lifetime imaging methods.

Michael Schäferling

Cataluminescence-Based Gas Sensors

Abstract

Cataluminescence (CTL) is chemiluminescence emitted in a course of catalytic oxidation. Since 1990, the present authors and coworkers have observed CTL during the catalytic oxidation of various organic vapors in air. This phenomenon has been applied to the CTL-based sensors for detecting combustible vapors. THE CTL response is fast, reproductible and proportional to the concentration of the combustible vapors of ppm orders in air. Based on two types of models of the CTL, the relationship between the CTL intensity and the rate of catalytic oxidation have been investigated analytically. In this article, the effects of catalyst temperature, gas flow-rate and gas concentration on the CTL intensity are demonstrated. Finally, various types of sensing system using the CTL-based sensor are proposed. The results of discrimination and determination of more than ten types of vapors of various concentrations are shown.

Masuo Nakagawa, Nobuhiko Yamashita

Hollow Waveguide Infrared Spectroscopy and Sensing

Abstract

Infrared (IR) hollow waveguides (HWGs) were first utilized in gas sensing applications in the early 1990’s and have since been coupled to both FT-IR spectrometers and laser light sources. However, gas sensing with hollow waveguide modules has yet to achieve maturity for widespread use or device commercialization. We review this emerging field with emphasis on technology and application areas where we believe these devices are ideally suited, and discuss the advantages and limitations of using HWGs for chemical sensing, including their optical properties and waveguide losses. As new HWG technologies based on photonic bandgap materials are emerging, relevant applications of HWG based gas sensing such as in breath diagnostics or process monitoring have the required breakthrough potential to bring the advantages of HWG based sensing concepts to bear.

Christy M. Charlton, Bruce T. Thompson, Boris Mizaikoff

Combinatorial Method for Surface-Confined Sensor Design and Fabrication

Abstract

The procedure for the combinatorial fabrication of new sensing materials for cations and anions based on self-assembled monolayers (SAM) is discussed. A library of different sensitive substrates is generated by sequential deposition of fluorophores and small ligand molecules onto an amino-terminated SAM coated glass. The preorganization provided by the surface avoids the need for complex receptor design, allowing for a combinatorial approach to sensing systems based on individually deposited small molecules. Additionally the sensing system has been miniaturized to the microscale using microcontact printing and integrating the sensory SAMs on the walls of microchannels.

Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts, Rebecca S. Zimmerman, David N. Reinhoudt, Mercedes Crego-Calama

The Interplay of Indicator, Support and Analyte in Optical Sensor Layers

Abstract

It has been recognized since the pioneering times of fiber-optic sensing development that the best indicator dye is worth nothing without a (polymer) support fitted to both the determinand species and the indicator itself. However, the task of selecting an organic or inorganic polymer for manufacturing a sensitive head among the myriad of materials available nowadays may seem daunting to the researcher or technologist. Moreover, if we also incorporate a biological recognition element to develop an ultrasensitive or specific biosensor, the multifaceted problem appears even more puzzling. This chapters aims to guide the reader through the current world of both organic and inorganic materials and their effect on (bio)chemical sensing. Selected examples illustrate the diversity of solid supports and composites and their effect on the indicator response, photostability, interaction with the analyte, stability of the different biological elements, and ease of preparation, among other factors, shedding some light on the complex interaction between the key components of chemical sensors and biosensors.

Guillermo Orellana, Maria C. Moreno-Bondi, David Garcia-Fresnadillo, Maria D. Marazuela

Challenges in the Design of Optical DNA Biosensors

Abstract

The field of biosensors and biochips for nucleic acid diagnostics has developed significantly over the last decade. High-throughput techniques offering the advantages of sensitivity and selectivity combined with rapid analysis to provide reproducible and accurate results are highly sought after in the areas of medical diagnostics, forensics, environmental monitoring, and bioterrorism. This chapter gives a short review of the necessary considerations for the preparation of immobilized nucleic acid films on a solid sensor substrate and the development of techniques utilized for the detection of selective hybridization of target binding materials. The fundamentals of fibre optic and surface plasmon resonance optical sensor platforms are outlined, followed by key developments in the area of fluorescent particle labels and dyes used for the detection of nucleic acid hybridization. Recent advances in hybridization assays include fluorescent cationic polymer, molecular beacon, and duplex probe technologies. Finally, current methods used for the detection of interfacial DNA hybridization are described, including a discussion of limitations and possible strategies to enhance the key design priorities of sensitivity and selectivity.

Melissa Massey, Paul A E Piunno, Ulrich J Krull

Gold Nanoparticles in Bioanalytical Assays and Sensors

Abstract

In this review we report two major applications of gold nanoparticles in the field of bioassay and sensing. The first application is a unique, sensitive, and highly specific immunoassay system for antibodies using gold nanoparticles. The assay is based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles that are coated with protein antigens in the presence of their corresponding antibodies. Aggregation of the gold nanoparticles results in an absorption change at 620 nm that is used to calibrate the amount of antibodies. The effects of pH, temperature, and the concentration of protein A-coated gold nanoparticles on the sensitivity of the assay were investigated. A dynamic range of two orders of magnitude and a limit of detection of 1 μg/mL of anti-protein A were observed.

The second application of nanoparticles is luminescence nanosensors, which have their potential use as site-specific probes in samples of limited dimensions. Novel methods of nanosensor fabrication to obtain nanosensors with improved analytical properties are reported. A new approach for controlled synthesis of fluorescence nanosensors for pH measurements is also presented. Gold nanoparticles were used as a supportive matrix for the sensing component. Polymer layers that include the active sensing element were deposited on the gold nanoparticles surface using an electrostatic-based layer by layer deposition method. Polymer layers of alternating charges were deposited on the particle surface through attractive electrostatic interactions. Such method enabled a more precise control of the size, size distribution and density of fluorophores on each particle. The study shows that this is an effective way to fabricate particle-based fluorescent nanosensors that are stable and effective in measuring the pH in aqueous media.

Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, Aude Vernhet, Zeev Rosenzweig

Reverse Symmetry Waveguide for Optical Biosensing

Abstract

The present chapter deals with a novel design of planar optical waveguide biosensors. The principle of reverse symmetry is based on making the refractive index (RI) of the waveguide substrate less than the RI of the medium covering the waveguiding film, which is usually an aqueous solution (RI ∼ 1.33). This is opposed to the conventional sensor geometry, where the substrate is glass or polymers with RIs of approximately 1.5. The reverse configuration can be used to tune the penetration depth of the evanescent electromagnetic field into the cover medium up to infinity; thus the waveguide can be tailor-made so that biological objects with any size can be probed by the evanescent field. This is an important improvement compared with, for example, surface plasmon resonance sensors, where the penetration depth is fixed by the choice of metal.

Róbert Horváth, Nina Skivesen, Niels B. Larsen, Henrik C. Pedersen

Materials for Luminescent Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Abstract

Pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) is applied to the areodynamics measurement. PSP is optical sensor based on the luminescence of dye probe molecules quenching by oxygen gas. Many PSPs are composed of probe dye molecules, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene, pyrene derivative etc.), transition metal complexes (ruthenium(II), osumium(II), iridium(III) etc.), and metalloporphyrins (platinum (II), palladium(II), etc.) immobilized in oxygen permeable polymer (silicone, polystyrene, fluorinated polymer, cellulose derivative, etc.) film. Dye probe molecules adsorbed layer based PSPs such as pyrene derivative and porphyrins directly adsorbed onto anodic oxidised aluminium plat substrate also developed. In this section the properties of various oxygen permeable polymer for matrix and various dye probes for PSP are described.

Yumi Takeuchi, Yutaka Amao

Optical Sensing of Enantiomers

Abstract

The optical sensing of enantiomers is a current topic. During the last decade many different applications for optical sensing of enantiomers have been reported in the literature. The principles of distinction of enantiomers using amide and cyclodextrin phases, molecularly imprinted polymers and fluorescence sensors are depicted in this chapter. Label-free methods, like surface plasmon resonance and reflectometric interference spectroscopy, can be adopted for polymer-based chiral amides, cyclodextrines and molecularly imprinted polymers. These materials derived from chromatographic methods are used for enantiomeric separation in the aqueous phase as well as in the gaseous phase. Calixarene and 1,1′-binaphthyl fluorophores as well as fluorescent cyclodextrins could be established as sensing materials for fluorescence measurements. Examples for the most commonly used methods—enantioselective fluorescence quenching or enhancement-are presented.

Maura Kasper, Stefan Busche, Günter Gauglitz

Optical Sensors for Ions and Protein Based on Digital Color Analysis

Abstract

A novel colorimetric method, digital color analysis (DCA), was proposed using a digital color analyzer and was applied to various quantitative analyses using chromaticity coordinates and suitable sensors for visual colorimetry based on the characteristics of human visual perception by virtual simulations based on digital color information. On the basis of DCA, we developed a visual colorimetric sensor for Li⁺, NH₄⁺ and protein determination by the mixing of two kinds of lipophilic dyes, whose optimum mixing ratio was obtained by virtual simulation based on DCA. Using DCA, a linear relation calibration curve can be obtained over the wide range of Li⁺, NH₄⁺ and protein concentrations and this indicated a different color change with increase of the concentrations of these substances. These color sensors based on DCA have great potential for this analytical purpose.

Yoshio Suzuki, Koji Suzuki

Backmatter

Titel: Frontiers in Chemical Sensors
herausgegeben von: Prof. Dr. Guillermo Orellana
Prof. Dr. Maria C. Moreno-Bondi
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-540-27757-6
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-27756-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27757-9

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