1 Introduction
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Variety trials
Site | Latitude north | Longitude east | Timothy | Meadow fescue | Tall fescue | Festulolium | Red clover | All |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jokioinen | 60° 49′ | 23° 30′ | 53 (13) | 15 (7) | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | 12 (3) | 84 (27) |
Piikkiö | 60° 26′ | 22° 33′ | 18 (3) | 12 (9) | 7 (4) | 15 (9) | 9 (3) | 61 (28) |
Mietoinen | 60° 38′ | 21° 55′ | 8 (5) | 7 (5) | 5 (5) | 2 (2) | – | 22 (17) |
Kokemäki | 61° 17′ | 22° 15′ | 11 (8) | 6 (4) | 4 (4) | 5 (5) | – | 26 (21) |
Mikkeli | 61° 40′ | 27° 10′ | 58 (19) | 30 (18) | 12 (9) | 18 (15) | 18 (6) | 136 (67) |
Maaninka | 63° 09′ | 27° 19′ | 69 (16) | 38 (19) | 22 (13) | 12 (9) | 15 (6) | 156 (63) |
Laukaa | 62° 19′ | 26° 19′ | 27 (9) | 18 (9) | 6 (6) | 3 (3) | – | 54 (27) |
Ylistaro | 62° 57′ | 22° 30′ | 76 (18) | 34 (17) | 12 (9) | 12 (9) | 18 (6) | 152 (59) |
Ruukki | 64° 40′ | 25° 06′ | 81 (23) | 40 (20) | 12 (5) | 6 (6) | 18 (6) | 157 (60) |
Rovaniemi | 66° 29′ | 25° 43′ | 69 (18) | 36 (18) | 15 (6) | 6 (6) | 14 (6) | 140 (54) |
Sotkamo | 64° 01′ | 28° 22′ | 87 (19) | 36 (18) | 15 (6) | 9 (6) | 21 (9) | 168 (58) |
Total | 557 | 272 | 111 | 91 | 125 | 1156 |
2.2 Selecting the critical factors of change and variation
Period | Agroclimatic variable | Category Low median | Category Moderate median | Category High median |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fall hardening period (FH) | Length of fall hardening, days | 39 | 64 | 99 |
FH started from the last day when the sum of daily difference between cold degree-days below 5 °C and degree-days above 5 °C was 0 after 1 August and continued to the last day of the first occurrence of minimum air temperatures ≤−10 °C | Accumulation of cold temperatures during FH <5 °C, degree-days | 5.7 | 9.2 | 12.1 |
Mean daily rainfall during FH, mm | 1.44 | 2.03 | 2.67 | |
Winter period (WP) | Mean daily accumulation of temperature >0 °C during WP, degree-days | 0.56 | 0.77 | 1.03 |
WP started from the day following the end of FH and continued to the end of the day before the GP began, which started from the fifth day of the first 5-day spell when daily mean air temperature exceeded 5 °C | Accumulation of cold stress days with temperature <−15 °C, days | 5 | 16 | 30 |
Growth period (GP) | Temperature sum >5 °C, degree-days | 868 | 1040 | 1193 |
GP started from the fifth day of the first 5-day spell when daily mean air temperature exceeded 5 °C and ended with the last day of harvest | Mean daily temperature sum accumulation rate, degree-days | 12.1 | 13.3 | 14.4 |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 25 °C from GP start to 1st cut, days | 0 | 1 | 5 | |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 25 °C from 1st cut to 2nd cut, days | 1 | 5 | 12 | |
Accumulation of temperature sum 7 days after 1st cut, degree-days | 103 | 121 | 141 | |
Accumulation of precipitation from GP start to 1st cut, mm | 49.6 | 86.8 | 131.2 | |
Accumulation of precipitation from 1st cut to 2nd cut, mm | 63.2 | 109.5 | 175.1 | |
Accumulation of precipitation 14 days after 1st cut, mm | 11.3 | 29.7 | 57.2 |
2.3 Categorizing agroclimatic variables
2.4 Estimating responses to the factors
2.5 Looking for gaps in the yield responses of species
3 Results
3.1 Timothy
Period | Agroclimatic variable | Species | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timothy | Meadow fescue | Festulolium | Tall fescue | Red clover | |||||||
max diff |
P value | max diff |
P value | max diff |
P value | max diff |
P value | max diff |
P value | ||
FH (fall hardening period) | Length of FH | −1921 | 0.96 (**) | 763 | 0.65 (0.67) | 1006 | (0.71)** | 1001 | 0.24 (0.22) | 1128 | (0.64)** |
Accumulation of cold temperatures during FH below 5 °C | 977 | 0.90 (0.87) | −1028 | 0.62 (***) | −1560 | (0.11)** | −1088 | 0.80 (**) | 1239 | 0.37 (0.62) | |
Mean daily rainfall during FH | −1904 | 0.86 (*) | 1536 | 1.00 (***) | 2155 | 0.21 (****) | 1142 | 0.74 (**) | 1011 | 0.27 (0.76) | |
WP (winter period) | Mean daily accumulation of temperature above 0 °C during WP | 2100 | 0.53 (***) | 2638 | 0.43 (****) | 2426 | 0.17 (****) | 2584 | 0.27 (****) | 2114 | –* (***) |
Cold stress days with temperature below −15 °C during WP | −1287 | 0.25 (****) | −2159 | 0.29 (****) | −1997 | 0.15 (****) | −1874 | 0.31 (****) | 1145 | 0.40 (0.21) | |
GP (growth period) | Temperature sum | 1870 | 0.81 (****) | −1067 | 0.82 (**) | 3367 | –** (****) | 2203 | –*** (****) | 2481 | 0.13 (****) |
Mean daily temperature sum accumulation rate | 1702 | 0.47 (**) | −1026 | 0.15 (*) | 579 | 0.15 (0.13) | 589 | 0.11 (0.91) | 2747 | 0.60 (****) | |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 28 °C | 2756 | 0.97 (***) | 1236 | 0.51 (0.42) | 1197 | (0.39)*** | 755 | 0.04 (0.33) | 459 | 0.20 (****) | |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 25 °C from GP start to 1st cut | −1503 | 0.31 (***) | −1355 | 0.14 (0.22) | 946 | –** (***) | −628 | 0.30 (0.23) | 877 | 0.30 (0.50) | |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 25 °C from 1st cut to 2nd cut | 1554 | 0.50 (**) | −1354 | –** (**) | −831 | (0.72)*** | −533 | 0.17 (0.94) | 2542 | –* (**) | |
Accumulation of temperature sum 7 days after 1st cut | −3141 | (0.39)* | −1355 | 0.97 (**) | −1770 | 0.12 (***) | −1750 | 0.95 (****) | −1029 | (0.43)* | |
Accumulation of precipitation from GP start to 1st cut | −967 | 0.63 (0.97) | 757 | 0.97 (0.65) | −3049 | –**** (***) | 291 | 0.31 (0.77) | 655 | 0.11 (0.42) | |
Accumulation of precipitation from 1st cut to 2nd cut | −1609 | 0.71 (0.40) | 895 | 0.36 (0.27) | −1668 | –**** (0.68) | −592 | 0.39 (0.89) | 1253 | 0.26 (0.45) | |
Accumulation of precipitation 14 days after 1st cut | −1516 | 0.51 (0.74) | 1229 | 0.49 (0.21) | 756 | 0.11 (0.32) | 350 | 0.94 (0.56) | 1013 | 0.32 (0.16) |
Species | Agroclimatic variable | Category low % of the average yield | Category high % of the average yield |
---|---|---|---|
Timothy | Mean daily rainfall during FH, mm | 104 | 96 |
Length of fall hardening period, days | 105 | 95 | |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 25 °C from GP start to 1st cut, days | 106 | 96 | |
Meadow fescue | Mean daily rainfall during FH, mm | 93 | 103 |
Accumulation of cold stress days with temperature <−15 °C, days | 104 | 89 | |
Mean daily accumulation of temperature >0 °C during WP, degree-days | 93 | 111 | |
Number of days with maximum temperature of 25 °C from 1st cut to 2nd cut, days | 100 | 95 | |
Accumulation of temperature sum 7 days after 1st cut, degree-days | 104 | 94 | |
Tall fescue | Accumulation of cold temperatures during FH <5 °C, degree-days | 105 | 96 |
Mean daily rainfall during FH, mm | 95 | 105 | |
Accumulation of cold stress days with temperature <−15 °C, days | 105 | 89 | |
Mean daily accumulation of temperature >0 °C during WP, degree-days | 91 | 113 | |
Accumulation of temperature sum 7 days after 1st cut, degree-days | 108 | 93 | |
Festulolium | Mean daily rainfall during FH, mm | 94 | 111 |
Accumulation of cold stress days with temperature <−15 °C, days | 104 | 87 | |
Mean daily accumulation of temperature >0 °C during WP, degree-days | 92 | 114 | |
Accumulation of temperature sum 7 days after 1st cut, degree-days | 106 | 99 | |
Red clover | Number of days with maximum temperature of 28 °C, days | 92 | 92 |
Temperature sum >5 °C, degree-days | 84 | 106 | |
Mean daily temperature sum accumulation rate, degree-days | 80 | 109 |