nach oben

Erschienen in:

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

14. Gender Inequalities in Rural Labor Markets

verfasst von : Jennie Dey de Pryck, Paola Termine

Erschienen in: Gender in Agriculture

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter explores gender differences in rural employment that hinder the achievement of food security and the reduction in poverty. This chapter begins with a review of employment statistics to uncover gender differences in rural employment with particular reference to traditional agriculture and modern agro-industries, identifying gender gaps in wages, working conditions, and occupational segregation as key challenges to overcome. The chapter argues that the barriers to gender equality in rural labor markets are socially constructed and primarily stem from systemic institutional gender inequalities. These institutions include both social norms and the structure of labor market organizations. While institutional change cannot take place overnight, particularly with regard to changing social norms, much can be done to improve gender equity in rural labor institutions through government policies, corporate social responsibility programs, and building the strength of women in labor organizations. This involves overcoming vested interests in the status quo that provides a supply of cheap labor, and therefore requires both political will and resources.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Mainstreaming Gender Sensitivity in Cash Crop Market Supply Chains

Nächstes Kapitel A System That Delivers: Integrating Gender into Agricultural Research, Development, and Extension

MDG1 now includes a target to “achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people” (ILO 2010, xi).

Evidence across countries is mixed as to whether earning a wage empowers women, since social norms often require them to hand over their earnings to their husbands or other (male) relatives (Elson 1999, 614–616).

This generalization is not always valid (see Hausmann et al. 2006).

International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations (IUF).

Renamed Agricultural Ethical Trade Initiative of South Africa in 2008 to facilitate work in the broad agricultural sector (WIETA website).

In their study of Codes of Practice in the South African wine industry, Nelson et al. (2007) found that the proportion of women in permanent and casual employment in both adopting and non-adopting farms fell considerably between 2002 and 2004. Although they did not discuss the reasons, elsewhere in the paper they noted that the codes increased production costs which was a factor in the growing use of casual and contract labor that was not covered by the codes. Employers most likely reduced female permanent labor to avoid paying the maternity benefits and child care facilities required by the codes.

Ahmed A, Quisumbing A, Nasreen M, Hoddinott J, Bryan E (2009) Comparing food and cash transfers to the ultra poor in Bangladesh. Monograph 163. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC

Appendini K (2002) ‘From where have all the flowers come?’ Women workers in Mexico’s nontraditional markets. In: Razavi S (ed) Shifting burdens: gender and agrarian change under neoliberalism. Kumarian Press, Bloomfield, pp 93–108

Asea P, Kaija D (2000) Impact of the flower industry in Uganda. Working paper 148. International Labour Organization, Geneva

Baas S, Ramasamy S, Dey de Pryck J, Battista F (2008) Disaster risk management systems analysis: a guide book. Environment and natural resources management series no. 13. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Barrientos S (2007) Female employment in agriculture: global challenges and global responses. Commonwealth Secretariat, London

Barrientos S, Kritzinger A (2004) Squaring the circle: global production and the informalization of work in South African fruit exports. J Int Dev 16(1):81–92CrossRef

Barrientos S, Smith S (2006) The ETI code of labor practice: do workers really benefit? Report on the ETI impact assessment 2006. Part 1: main findings. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton

Blowfield M, Gallet S (n.d.) (but approximately 1998) Ethical trade and sustainable rural livelihoods: Volta River Estates fairtrade bananas case study. Draft. National Resources Institute, London

Chartier MC (2005) Legal initiatives to address HIV/AIDS in the world of work. International Labour Organization, Geneva

Chatterjee M, Ranson M (2003) Livelihood security through community-based insurance in India. In: Chen L, Leaning J, Narasimhan V (eds) Global health challenges for human security. Harvard University Global Enquiry Initiative, Asia Center, Cambridge, MA

Chen MA (2009) Informalization of labor markets: is formalization the answer? In: Razavi S (ed) The gendered impacts of liberalization: towards “embedded liberalism”? Routledge, New York/London, pp 191–218

Das MB (2006) Do traditional axes of exclusion affect labor market outcomes in India? Part I: Female labor force participation and the effects of gender. Part II: Caste, ethnicity and the Indian labor market. Social development papers, South Asia series, paper no. 97. World Bank, Washington, DC

De Silva DM, Yamao M (2006) The involvement of female labor in seafood processing in Sri Lanka: the impact of organizational fairness and supervisor evaluation on employee commitment. In: Choo PS, Hall SJ, Williams MJ (eds) Global symposium on gender and fisheries: seventh Asian fisheries forum, 2004. World Fish Center, Penang, pp 103–114

Deere CD (2005) The feminization of agriculture? Economic restructuring in rural Latin America. Occasional paper 1. UN Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva

Deere CD (2009) The feminization of agriculture: the impact of economic restructuring in rural Latin America? In: Razavi S (ed) The gendered impacts of liberalization: towards “embedded liberalism”? Routledge, New York/London, pp 99–130

Dolan CS (2005) Stewards of African labor: the evolution of trusteeship in Kenya’s horticulture industry. Working paper in African studies no. 252. African Studies Center, Boston University, Boston

Dolan C, Sorby K (2003) Gender and employment in high-value agriculture industries. Agriculture and rural development working paper 7. World Bank, Washington, DC

Drèze J, Sen A (1991) Public action for social security: foundations and strategy. In: Ahmad E, Drèze J, Hills J, Sen A (eds) Social security in developing countries. Clarendon, Oxford

Elson D (1999) Labor markets as gendered institutions: equality, efficiency, and empowerment issues. World Dev 27(3):611–627CrossRef

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2006) Gender and law: women’s rights in agriculture. FAO legislative study 76, rev.1. FAO Legal Office, Rome

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011) The state of food and agriculture 2011—women in agriculture: closing the gender gap for development. FAO, Rome

FAO/IFAD/ILO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Fund for Agricultural Development/International Labour Organization) (2010a) Agricultural value chain development: threat or opportunity for women’s employment? Gender and rural employment policy brief no. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

FAO/IFAD/ILO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Fund for Agricultural Development/International Labour Organization) (2010b) Women in infrastructure works: boosting gender equality and rural development! Gender and rural employment policy brief no. 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Fontana M, Paciello C (2010) Gender dimensions of rural and agricultural and public works programmes. Experience from South Africa. Differentiated pathways out of poverty: a global perspective. In: Gender dimensions of rural and agricultural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty, status, trends, and gaps. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the International Labour Office, Rome, pp 171–184

Harilal KN, Kanji N, Jeyaranjan J, Eapen M, Swaminathan P (2006) Power in global value chains: implications for employment and livelihoods in the cashew nut industry in India. International Institute for Environment and Development, London

Hausmann R, Tyson LD, Zahidi S (2006) The global gender gap report 2006. World Economic Forum, Geneva

Hertz T, de la O-Campos AP, Zezza A, Winters P, Quiñones EJ, Azzari C, Davis B (2010) Gender wage gaps in rural versus urban areas. In: FAO/IFAD/ILO (ed) Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment—differentiated pathways out of poverty: status, trends, and gaps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 140–154

IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2010) New realities, new challenges: new opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. Rural poverty report 2011. IFAD, Rome

ILO (International Labour Organization) (1999) Decent work. ILO, Geneva

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2003) Decent work in agriculture. Background paper for international workers’ symposium on decent work in agriculture, Geneva, 15–18 September

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2009a) Global employment trends for women. ILO, Geneva

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2009b) Global employment trends 2009—update. ILO, Geneva

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2009c) Gender equality at the heart of decent work. Report of the Committee on Gender Equality, International Labour conference, 98th Session, Geneva, June

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2010) Women in labor markets: measuring progress and identifying challenges. ILO, Geneva

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2011) Global employment trends 2011: the challenge of a jobs recovery. ILO, Geneva

ILO (International Labour Organization) (2014) Global employment trends 2014: risk of a jobless recovery. ILO, Geneva

IUF (International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations) (2011) http://www.iuf.org

Jarvis L, Vera-Toscano E (2004) The impact of Chilean fruit sector development on female employment and household income. World bank policy research working paper 3263. World Bank, Washington, DC

Josupeit H (2004) Women in the fisheries sector of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. FAO fisheries circular 992. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Kabeer N (2010) Women’s empowerment, development interventions, and the management of information flows. In Pinto Y, Haddad L, Bonbright D, Lindstrom J (eds.), People-centred M&E: aligning incentives so agriculture does more to reduce hunger. IDS Bull 41(6):105–113

Kabeer N, Thi Van Anh T (2002) ‘Leaving the rice fields, but not the countryside’: gender, livelihoods diversification, and pro-poor growth in rural Vietnam. In: Razavi S (ed) Shifting burdens. Gender and agrarian change under neoliberalism. Kumarian Press, Bloomfield, pp 109–150

Kanji N (2004) Corporate responsibility and women’s employment: the cashew nut case. Perspectives on corporate responsibility for environment and development no. 2. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London

Kasente D, Lockwood M, Vivian J, Whitehead A (2002) Gender and the expansion of nontraditional agricultural exports in Uganda. In: Razavi S (ed) Shifting burdens: gender and agrarian change under neo-liberalism. Kumarian Press, Bloomfield, pp 35–66

Khera R, Nayak N (2009) Women workers and perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India. Paper presented at the FAO/IFAD/ILO Workshop on gaps, trends, and current research in gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty, Rome, March 31–April 2

Klasen S, Lamanna F (2003) The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth in the middle east and north Africa. Mimeo. University of Munich, Munich

Koggel C (2005) Globalization and women’s paid work: expanding freedom? In: Agarwal B, Humphries J, Robeyns I (eds) Amartya Sen’s work and ideas: a gender perspective. Routledge, New York/London, pp 165–186

Lawler J, Atmiyanandana V (2000) Gender and agribusiness project (GAP) case study. Cargill Sun Valley, Thailand. International Programs and Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign

Liu H, Zhang L, Summerfield G, Shi Y (2009) A gendered view of reforming health care access for farmers in China. China Agric Econ Rev 1(2):194–211CrossRef

Maertens M (2010) Are African high-value horticulture supply chains bearers of gender inequality? In: FAO/IFAD/ILO (ed) Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment—differentiated pathways out of poverty: status, trends, and gaps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 155–170

Nelson V, Martin A, Ewert J (2007) The impacts of codes of practice on worker livelihoods: empirical evidence from the South African wine and Kenyan cut flower industries. J Corp Citizsh 28(1):61–72

North D (1990) Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Okali C, Holvoet K (2007) Negotiating gender changes within fisheries development. Sustainable Fisheries Livelihood Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Selwyn B (2007) Labor process and workers’ bargaining power in export grape production, North East Brazil. J Agrar Chang 7(4):526–553CrossRef

Selwyn B (2010) Gender wage work and development in North East Brazil. Bull Lat Am Res 29(1):51–70CrossRef

Sen A (1999) Development as freedom. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Smith S, Auret D, Barrientos S, Dolan C, Kleinbooi K, Njobvu C, Opondo M, Tallontire A (2004) Ethical trade in African horticulture: gender, rights, and participation. IDS working paper 223. International Development Studies, Brighton

Standing G (1999) Global feminization through flexible labor: a theme revisited. World Dev 27(3):583–602CrossRef

Tabbush C (2009) Gender, citizenship, and new approaches to poverty relief: conditional cash transfer programmes in Argentina. In: Razavi S (ed) The gendered impacts of liberalization: toward “embedded liberalism”? Routledge, New York/London, pp 290–326

Tzannatos Z (1999) Women and labor market changes in the global economy: growth helps, inequalities hurt, and public policy matters. World Dev 27(3):551–569CrossRef

United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (2009) World survey on the role of women in development: women’s control over economic resources and access to financial resources, including microfinance. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York

UNW (United Nations Women) (2011) Progress of the world’s women: in pursuit of justice. UNW, New York

Whitehead A (1996) Poverty in North-East Ghana. Report to ESCOR, Overseas Development Administration (ODA), London

WWW (Women Working Worldwide) (2007) Promoting women workers’ rights in African horticulture. Overview of research into conditions on horticulture farms in Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Manchester

WWW (Women Working Worldwide) (2008) Promoting women workers’ rights in African horticulture. End of Project Bulletin. Manchester

World Bank (2001) Engendering development through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice. World Bank policy research report. Management 1: report no. 36546-MW. World Bank, Washington, DC

World Bank (2007) World development report 2008: agriculture for development. World Bank, Washington, DCCrossRef

World Bank/FAO/IFAD (Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations/International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2009) Gender in agriculture: sourcebook. World Bank/FAO/IFAD, Washington, DC

Titel: Gender Inequalities in Rural Labor Markets
verfasst von: Jennie Dey de Pryck
Paola Termine
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Buch: Gender in Agriculture
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-8615-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-017-8616-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_14

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"