Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Audiovisual Design and the Convergence Between HCI and Audience Studies Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Generalized Reference

Referring with and Without Language by Matching, Pointer, or Address

verfasst von : Roland Hausser

Erschienen in: Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Medieval logic defined reference as a relation between language and objects in the world. Recently, however, the term “representational token” has been used instead of language (Reimer and Michaelson 2014). This allows for reference with and without language. In a similar vein, Database Semantics (DBS) has implemented concept-based reference as a matching between two contents. If a content is attached to a language surface it is called the literal meaning\(_{1}\) of the surface.
Referring with a content (as a representational token), regardless of whether or not it is attached to a surface, leads to a generalized notion of reference (Sect. 6.3). An example of reference without language is identifying a current nonlanguage recognition with something seen before. Another example is identifying a nonlanguage recognition with an earlier language content, e.g. something read (for example, in a guide book) or heard about.
In addition to the concept-based reference mechanism of (i) symbols (We follow the terminology used by Peirce (CP 2.228, 2.229, 5.473) for his theory of signs.) (Sect. 6), natural language uses the reference mechanisms of (ii) indexicals (Sect. 7) based on pointers, and of (iii) names (Sect. 8) based on acts of generalized baptism and coreference by address. This paper systematically reconstructs the mechanisms of reference as they function with and without language in an agent-based computational framework.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel How Cloud Computing Is Addressed for Software Development in Computer Science Education
Nächstes Kapitel SitAdapt: An Architecture for Situation-Aware Runtime Adaptation of Interactive Systems
Fußnoten
1
In Sects. 1.1, 4.2, and 5.2 this is expressed graphically by placing the hearer to the left and the speaker to the right. If the order is reversed, the progression of time would have to be shown from right to left.
 
2
The term modality is being used in several different fields of science. As employed here, modality is known as sensory modality (Chen 2006, Sect. 6.13.1).
 
3
According to Wiener (1961, p. 132): “Information is information, and not matter or energy.”.
 
4
The type-token distinction was introduced by Peirce (CP 4: 537).
 
5
The term accidental is used here in the philosophical tradition of Aristotle, who distinguishes in his Metaphysics, Books \(\zeta \) and \(\eta \), between the necessary and the accidental (incidental or coincidental – kata sumbebêkos) properties of an object in nature.
 
6
In an artificial agent, the type may be implemented as a pattern-matching software which recognizes tokens by approximating raw bitmap outlines Hausser (1999, 3.2.1).
 
7
As shown by the work of Steels (1999), suitable algorithms may evolve new types automatically from similar data by abstracting from what they take to be accidental.
 
8
They are based on an incremental, memory-based procedure of pattern recognition using geons (Biederman 1987).
 
9
For building a talking robot, the automatic evolution of types has to result in concepts which correspond to those of the intended language community. This may be achieved by presenting the artificial agent with properly selected data in combination with human guidance (guided patterns method, Hausser 2011, Sect. 6.2).
 
10
A feature structure is nonrecursive if there is no recursive embedding of feature structures as values. Recursive feature structures are unsuitable for (i) contents with a coordination structure, (ii) the pattern matching needed for (a) modeling reference and (b) applying operation patterns to input, and (iii) storage and retrieval in a database. Unordered attributes are inefficient for computers and humans alike. Recursive feature structures with unordered attributes are not used in DBS.
 
11
The algorithm used for connecting (hear mode) and activating (think mode) proplets is time-linear Left-Associative Grammar (Hausser 1992). The sur attribute takes the language dependent surface as value. For a detailed description of the attributes and values used in proplets for describing English see Hausser (2006) Appendix A3.
 
12
Propositions containing two or more proplets with the same values, as in Suzy loves Suzy, require extra attention. They constitute a special case which (i) rarely occurs and (ii) is disregarded here because it may be easily handled by the software.
 
13
The token line of a core value is found with a trie structure (Briandais 1959). The search for a proplet within a token line may use the prn value of the address in relation to the linear increasing prn values. As pointed out by J. Handl, this may be based on binary search, in time O(log(n)) (Cormen et al. 2009), or interpolation, in time O(log(log(n))) (Weiss 2005), where n is the length of the token line.
 
14
Examples of function words in English are determiners like a(n), the, some, every, all, prepositions like in, on, above, below, auxiliaries like be, have, do, coordinating conjunctions like and, or, and subordinating conjunctions like that, who, which, when, because.
 
15
As a database, a word bank is content-addressable because it does not use an index (inverted file), in contrast to the widely used coordinate-addressable databases (RDBMS). See Chisvin and Duckworth (1992) for an overview.
 
16
A differentiation into the sensory modalities (vision, audition, locomotion, manipulation) is omitted – not only for simplicity, but also because the meaning of a word or expression is independent of the modality of its external surface. For example, the meaning of the word square (Sect. 2.3) is the same regardless of whether its surface is realized in speech, writing, or signing. A nonlanguage concept like the shape, color, taste, etc., of a blueberry may also be assumed to be independent from the modalities of its recognition (Hausser 2011, Sects. 2.2–2.4).
 
17
Apparently, Aristotle struggled to reconcile reference with content combination (Modrak 2001).
 
18
Disregarding the type-token distinction.
 
19
Integrating the interpretation of indexicals into the agent’s on-board STAR orientation may be seen as an enhancement of Montague (1973), who’s sign-oriented approach uses arbitrary parameter values, i.e. i \(\epsilon \) I for a moment of time and j \(\epsilon \) J for a possible world (space, location), superscripted at the end of a lambda expression. Introducing additional parameters for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person, as has been suggested, has been made light of by Cresswell’s (1972, p. 4) joking proposal of a “next drink parameter.” The parameter approach has resurfaced as “Variablism,” i.e. the view that names and pronouns should be treated semantically as variables (Cumming 2008).
 
20
Instead of the names John, Mary, etc., usually employed in linguistic examples, Sect. 7.3 uses the animation characters of Sylvester the cat, Speedy Gonzales the mouse, Tweety the bird, and Hector the dog, familiar from TV, as an aid to distinguish the individuals pointed at by indexicals.
 
21
According to King (2014), a context consists of time, location, agent, and world. In a STAR, the S corresponds to King’s location, T to time, and A to agent. The counterpart to King’s world are R (intended recipient, you) and 3rd (everyone and everything that is neither A nor R). However, DBS distinguishes between the STAR parameters as the agent’s on-board orientation system and basis for interpreting indexicals, on the one hand, and the context as a selectively activated content in memory, on the other.
 
22
This notion originated in cognitive psychology (Piaget 1954). It may be regarded as a non-truthconditional, non-modal counterpart to “rigid designators” (Kripke 1972).
 
23
As an agent-based approach, DBS does not use causal chains (Kripke 1972).
 
24
Our computational reconstruction of reference with the sign kind of names, based on object permanence and generalized baptism, differs from other theories of naming such as the descriptive theory of proper names (Russell 1905) and the rigid designator analysis (Kripke 1972), which are based on a sign-based ontology (FoCL Sect. 20.4). The formal DBS treatment of name-based reference (Sect. 8.2) provides a simple, efficient procedural implementation suitable for building a talking robot.
 
25
Even an ambiguity deliberately created in the speak mode (“diplomatic ambiguity,” Pehar 2001) arises only for the hearer.
 
Literatur
Biederman, I.: Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding. Psychol. Rev. 94, 115–147 (1987)CrossRef
de la Briandais, R.: File searching using variable length keys. In: Proceedings of Western Joint Computer Conference, vol. 15, pp. 295–298 (1959)
Burgess, A.: Metalinguistic descriptivism for Millians. Australas. J. Philos. 91, 443–457 (2012)CrossRef
Chen, F.: Human factors in speech interface design. In: Designing Human Interface in Speech Technology, pp. 167–224. Springer, New York (2006)
Chisvin, L., Duckworth, R.J.: Content-addressable, associative memory. In: Yovits, M.C., (ed.) Advances in Computer Science, 2nd edn, pp. 159–235. Academic Press (1992)
Cormen, T.H., Leiserson, C.E., Rivest, R.L., Stein, C.: Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge (2009)MATH
Cresswell, M.: The world is everything that is the case. Australas. J. Philos. 50, 1–13 (1972)CrossRef
Elmasri, R., Navathe, S.B.: Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6th edn. Benjamin-Cummings, Redwood City (2010)MATH
Frege, G.: Über Sinn und Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik. 100, 25–50 (1892)
Handl, J.: Entwurf und Implementierung einer abstrakten Maschine für die oberflächenkompositionale inkrementelle Analyse natürlicher Sprache, Diplom thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen Nürnberg (2008)
Hausser, R.: Computation of Language, An Essay on Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics in Natural Man-Machine Communication. Artificial Intelligence Symbolic Computation. Springer, Heidelberg (1989)MATH
Hausser, R.: Foundations of Computational Linguistics. Human-Computer Communication in Natural Language. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). (3rd edn, 2014)
Hausser, R.: Memory-based pattern completion in database semantics. Lang. Inf. 9(1), 69–92 (2005)
Hausser, R.: A Computational Model of Natural Language Commmunication: Interpretation, Inference, and Production in DBS. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Hausser, R.: Computational Linguistics and Talking Robots: Processing Content in DBS. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)CrossRef
Kass, R., Finin, T.: Modeling the user in natural language systems. Comput. Linguist. 14, 5–22 (1988)
King, J.: Speaker intentions in context. Noûs 48(2), 219–237 (2014)CrossRef
Kripke, S.: Naming and necessity. In: Davidson, D., Harmann, G. (eds.) Semantics of Natural Language, pp. 253–355. D. Reidel, Dordrecht (1972)
McKeown, K.: Discourse strategies for generating natural-language text. Artif. Intell. 27, 1–41 (1985)CrossRef
Modrak, D.: Aristotle’s Theory of Language and Meaning. Cambridge University Press, New York (2001)
Montague, R.: The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English. In: Hintikka, J., Moravcsik, J., Suppes, P. (eds.) Approaches to Natural Language, pp. 221–242. D. Reidel, Dordrecht (1973)
Newell, A., Simon, H.A.: Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1972)
Peirce, C.S.: Collected papers. In: Hartshorne, C., Weiss, P. (eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1931–1935)
Pehar, D.: Language and Diplomacy. Lambert, Saarbrücken (2001)
Piaget, J.: The Construction of Reality in the Child. Basic Books, New York (1954)CrossRef
Quine, W.V.O.: Word, Object. MIT Press, Cambridge (1960)MATH
Recanati, F.: Direct Reference: From Language to Thought. Blackwell, Oxford (1997)
Steels, L.: The Talking Heads Experiment, limited Pre-edition for the Laboratorium Exhibition, Antwerpp (1999)
Weiss, M.A.: Data Structures and Problem Solving Using Java, 3rd edn. Pearson Addison-Wesley, Upper Saddle River (2005)
Wiener, N.: Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in Animal and Machine, 2nd edn. MIT press, Cambridge (1961)CrossRefMATH
Metadaten
Titel
Generalized Reference
verfasst von
Roland Hausser
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58070-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-58071-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58071-5_32

Neuer Inhalt

    Bildnachweise