Introduction
Acquisition and pretreatment of data
Description of the study site
Areas | Center coordinates | Homogeneity | Discontinuity number (amount) | Number of dominant set (amount) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | N40°46′14″/E97°29′7″ | – | 945 | 3 |
B | N40°45′50″/E97°29′23″ | – | 699 | 4 |
C | N40°45′25″/E97°29′31″ | I | 561 | 2 |
D | N40°45′31″/E97°29′26″ | I | 485 | 2 |
E | N40°45′35″/E97°29′18″ | I | 500 | 2 |
F | N40°45′43″/E97°29′5″ | – | 572 | 3 |
G | N40°46′40″/E97°28′12″ | II | 674 | 4 |
H | N40°46′32″/E97°28′18″ | II | 263 | 2 |
I | N40°46′6″/E97°29′4″ | – | 1405 | 4 |
J | N40°44′43″/E97°29′32″ | – | 537 | 3 |
K | N40°44′49″/E97°29′23″ | – | 488 | 3 |
L | N40°45′38″/E97°30′19″ | – | 200 | 2 |
M | N40°45′32″/E97°30′17″ | – | 1340 | 3 |
N | N40°45′39″/E97°30′11″ | I | 677 | 4 |
P | N40°44′43″/E97°29′11″ | I | 1281 | 2 |
Q | N40°44′45″/E97°28′59″ | I | 138 | 3 |
R | N40°45′32″/E97°29′14″ | I | 346 | 3 |
S | N40°44′58″/E97°29′25″ | I | 580 | 2 |
Areas | Dominant set | Center orientations | Trace length | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dip direction (°) | Dip angle (°) | Distribution type | Mean (m) | Variance (m2) | ||
A | 1 | 359.1 | 58.5 | Lognormal | 2.143 | 2.056 |
2 | 232.6 | 66.6 | Lognormal | 3.272 | 2.134 | |
3 | 297.9 | 64.5 | Lognormal | 3.135 | 2.954 | |
B | 1 | 84.2 | 60.0 | Lognormal | 2.225 | 2.257 |
2 | 315.6 | 65.9 | Lognormal | 2.034 | 2.755 | |
3 | 31.5 | 62.1 | Lognormal | 2.126 | 3.165 | |
4 | 229.5 | 60.9 | Lognormal | 2.235 | 2.076 | |
C | 1 | 51.1 | 80.9 | Lognormal | 1.732 | 1.348 |
2 | 125.2 | 75.5 | Lognormal | 2.098 | 2.962 | |
D | 1 | 39.5 | 78.9 | Lognormal | 1.892 | 2.564 |
2 | 286.1 | 73.4 | Lognormal | 2.137 | 2.753 | |
E | 1 | 53.8 | 83.1 | Lognormal | 1.826 | 2.316 |
2 | 308.0 | 77.1 | Lognormal | 1.652 | 2.278 | |
F | 1 | 326.9 | 73.4 | Exponential | 1.687 | 2.432 |
2 | 271.5 | 79.2 | Lognormal | 2.125 | 2.917 | |
3 | 46.8 | 83.5 | Lognormal | 1.437 | 2.259 | |
G | 1 | 32.6 | 70.9 | Gamma | 2.132 | 3.136 |
2 | 225.3 | 73.2 | Gamma | 2.323 | 2.392 | |
3 | 129.2 | 70.2 | Gamma | 2.021 | 3.764 | |
H | 1 | 246.3 | 76.0 | Lognormal | 3.325 | 2.357 |
2 | 327.2 | 71.8 | Lognormal | 3.238 | 2.562 | |
3 | 267.6 | 87.6 | Lognormal | 2.396 | 1.743 | |
I | 1 | 275.6 | 84.7 | Lognormal | 1.532 | 2.368 |
2 | 325.9 | 87.3 | Lognormal | 1.587 | 2.426 | |
3 | 230.0 | 71.8 | Gamma | 2.264 | 2.492 | |
4 | 53.7 | 71.3 | Lognormal | 2.341 | 1.875 |
Methods
Sampling bias correction
Digitalization processing of data
Partition of homogeneity
Identification of dominant discontinuity sets
Homogeneity | Dominant set | Center orientations | Fisher constant | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dip direction (°) | Dip angle (°) | |||
I | Set1 | 49 | 81.2 | 10.85 |
Set2 | 116.7 | 72 | 1.59 | |
II | Set1 | 324.5 | 83 | 7.21 |
Set2 | 272.1 | 84 | 21.17 | |
Set3 | 235.6 | 75.7 | 2.09 |
Characteristic parameters statistics
Dominant sets | Diameter | Areal frequency | Volumetric frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution type | Mean (m) | Variance (m2) | Related parameters | Mean (amount m−2) | Mean (amount m−3) | |
Set1 | Lognormal | 2.71 | 0.27 | λ = 27.78 | 0.015 | 0.028 |
Set2 | Lognormal | 2.78 | 0.185 | λ = 20.41 | 0.017 | 0.031 |
Establishment of model
Set number | Truncation value (m) | Fracture number (amount) | Sampling window orientation | Number of traces (amount) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dip direction (°) | Dip angle (°) | ||||
1 | 0.5 | 750 | 12.6 | 15.9 | 54 |
2 | 0.5 | 893 | 12.6 | 15.9 | 80 |
Validity
Figure test
Numerical test
Set number | Discontinuity trace | Corrected trace length | Orientation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Difference ratio (%) | Mean (m) | Difference ratio (%) | Variation coefficient (%) | Average dip direction (°) | Average dip angle (°) | Spherical deviation | |
1 | ||||||||
Model | 54 | 6.9 | 3.07 | 11.48 | 21.73 | 52.82 | 76.56 | 0.11 |
Original | 57 | 2.76 | 24.27 | 49 | 81.2 | 0.03 | ||
2 | ||||||||
Model | 80 | 5.26 | 2.90 | 2.84 | 19.24 | 116.55 | 70.31 | 0.22 |
Original | 75 | 2.82 | 28.01 | 116.7 | 72 | 0.04 |
Set number | Discontinuity | Diameter | Orientation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Difference ratio (%) | Mean (m) | Difference ratio (%) | Variation coefficient (%) | Average dip direction (°) | Average dip angle (°) | Spherical deviation | |
1 | ||||||||
Model | 750 | 2.08 | 3.02 | 11.3 | 20.5 | 50.6 | 73.4 | 0.12 |
Original | 766 | 2.71 | 19.2 | 51.3 | 76.8 | 0.14 | ||
2 | ||||||||
Model | 893 | 5.30 | 3.20 | 15.2 | 17.4 | 115.9 | 68.7 | 0.36 |
Original | 848 | 2.78 | 15.5 | 118.3 | 70.4 | 0.16 |