Global Context – Arctic Importance: Free, Prior and Informed Consent, a New Paradigm in International Law Related to Indigenous Peoples

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, September 7, 2007, Sixty-first Session, A/61/L.67.

Economic and Social Council Resolution 1982/34, Retrieved January 19, 2014, from http://​ap.​ohchr.​org/​documents/​E/​ECOSOC/​resolutions/​E-RES-1982-34.​doc. The WGIP is an organ of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.

Human Rights Commission Res. 1982/19 (Mar. 10, 1982); E.S.C. Res. 1982/34, May 7, 1982, U.N. ESCOR, 1982, Supp. No. 1, at 26, UN Doc. E/1992/82 (1982), paras. 1–2.

Anaya (2004), Indigenous Peoples in International Law, 2nd edn, Oxford, at 63.

Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Res. 1985/22 (29 August 1985).

Commis sion on Human Rights, Resolution 1995/32 (3 March 1995).

Anaya (2004), supra note 5, at 63–64.

Anaya (2004), supra note 5, at 64.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 14 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976, 999 UNTS 302.

Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Communication No. 167/1984, CCPR/C/38/D/167/1884. UN Human Rights Committee, General Comments No. 23: The Right of Minorities (Art. 27), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5,8 April 1994, Para 6.1.

I Länsman et al v. Finland, Communication No. 511/1992, UN Doc.CCPR/C/52/D/511/1992 (1994). For the two-part test of consultation and economic sustainability, See Scheinin, M. (2000). The Right to Enjoy a Distinct Culture: Indigenous Land and Competing Uses of Land. In Orlin, T.S., Rosas A. and Scheinin, M (Eds), The Jurisprudence of Human Rights Law: A Comparative Interpretive Approach (pp. 159–222, at 168). Institute for Human Rights, ÅboAkademi University, Turku/Åbo.

Saramaka v. Suriname, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of November 28, 2007, Series C, No 172, Para 93.

ILO Convention No 107 Concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries, adopted 26 June 1957, entered into force 2 June 1959, 328 UNTS 247.

International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, Geneva, adopted 27 June 1989, entered into force 5 September 1991, 28 ILM 1382.

Barsh, R.L. (1994). Indigenous Peoples in the 1990’s: From Object to Subject of International Law? Harvard Human Rights Journal, 33, reprinted In Watters, L. (2004) (Ed.), Indigenous Peoples, the Environment and Law (pp. 15–42, at 23). Carolina Academic Press, North Carolina.

Anaya, J. (2005). Indigenous Peoples’ Participatory Rights in Relation to Decisions About Natural Resource Extraction: The More Fundamental Issues of What Rights Indigenous Peoples Have in Land and Resources. Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law, 22(1), at 9.

The Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Annex, Resolution 1, UN Doc. A/Conf.151/26/Rev.1 (vol1), (1992), 31 ILM 874.

Barsh, R.L. (2004), supra note 16, at 23.

Stoll, P.-T. & von Hahn, A. (2005). Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources in International Law. In Ghanea, N. & Xanthaki A. (Eds), Minorities, Peoples and Self-determination (pp. 3–14, at 33). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. The Nagoya Protocol (to CBD) of 2010 recognizes and advances the concept of FPIC of indigenous peoples. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya, 29 October 2010.

See Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Sixth session, New York, 14–25 May 2007, Item 4 of the provisional agenda, Report of the international expert group meeting on the international regime on access and benefit-sharing and indigenous peoples’ human rights of the Convention on Biological Diversity, E/C.19/2007/8.

Article 15.2.

Barsh, R. L. (2007). Indigenous Peoples. In Bodansky, D. Brunnée, J. and Hey, E. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (pp. 830–831, at 839). Oxford University Press.

See Heinämäki, L. (2011). Towards an Equal Partnership between Indigenous Peoples and States: Learning from Arctic Experiences? The Yearbook of Polar Law, 3193–246.

UNGA Resolution 45/164 of 18 December 1990. See also International Year of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, 1993, UNGA Res. 48/133, 48 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 251, U.N. Doc. A/48/49 (1993).

Barsh, R. L. (2004), supra note 16, at 25.

UNGA Res. 48/163 (Dec. 21, 1993) proclaiming the “International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People”, commencing Dec. 10, 1994.

United Nations Economic and Social Council, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Seventh session, New York, 21 April-2 May 2008, Item 5 of the provisional agenda, Human rights: dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people and other special rapporteurs, E/C.19/2008/2, Para 15.

UNGA Res. 59/174.

ECOSOC Res. E/RES/2000/22 (July 28, 2000) establishing the Permanent Forum; Report of the First Session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, U.N. Doc. E/2002/42/Supp. 43 (Wilton Littlechild, Rapporteur).

Magga, O.H. (September 1, 2003). Presentation by the Chairperson of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues – Ambitions and Limitations, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Guovdageaidnu. Retrieved January, 19, 2014, from http://​www.​galdu.​org/​web/​index.​php?​artihkkal=​39&​giella1=​eng

International Workshop on free, prior and informed consent and indigenous peoples (New York, 17–19 January 2005), PFII/2005/WS. 2/3: Contribution of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Principle of Prior and Informed Consent, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 7 September 2007, Sixty-first Session, A/61/L.67.

See Davis, M. (2008). Indigenous Struggle in Standard-Setting: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 9(2), 1–33, at 2. See also, generally, Barsh, R.L. (1996). Indigenous Peoples and the UN Commission on Human Rights: A Case of the Immovable Object and the Irresistible Force. 18 Human Rights Quarterly, 782–813.

Tauli-Corpuz, V. (2007). The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A major victory and a challenge. Retrieved January 19, 2014, from http://​www.​twnside.​org.​sg/​title2/​resurgence/​206/​cover1.​doc

The Supreme Court of Belize also applied the principles of the Declaration as a framework for determining land rights. Shortly after the adoption of the Declaration by the UN General Assembly, the Supreme Court of Belize made a decision relating to the rights of the Maya community to their lands and resources, applying the Declaration. Aurelio Cal v. Attorney-General of Belize Claim 121/2007, 18 October 2007, Supreme Court of Belize, http://​www.​elaw.​org/​node/​1620 (accessed 19 January 2014). Finally, it should be mentioned that Bolivia was the first country to adopt the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as national law. National Law 3760, which is an exact copy of the UN Declaration, was passed on November 7, 2007. See IWGIA, http://​www.​iwgia.​org/​sw18043.​as (accessed 19 January 2014).

See International expert group meeting on the role of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in the implementation of Article 42 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 14–16 January, New York, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development, Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, PFII/2009/EGM1/15, http://​www.​un.​org/​esa/​socdev/​unpfii/​documents/​EGM_​Art_​42_​FAO.​doc (accessed 19 January 2014).

Human Rights Council Resolution 6/36. Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 6th Session, 14/12/2007, A/HRC/RES/6/36. The mandate of the EM is to provide its thematic expertise in the manner and form requested by the Human Rights Council. It will focus mainly on studies and research-based advice.

As stated by Daes, “The principle of self-determination as discussed within the Working Group and as reflected in the draft declaration was used in its internal character, that is short of any implications which might encourage the formation of independent States.” See UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub2AC.4/1992/3 Add. 1, at 5 (1992). See Article 46 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which explicitly protects the territorial integrity of states.

See Fitzmaurice, M. (2009). The New Developments Regarding the Saami Peoples of the North. Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 16, 67–156, at 151.

See Koivurova, T. (2008). Alkuperäiskansojenitsemääräämisoikeuskansainvälisessäoikeudessa [The right of self-determination of indigenous peoples in international law]. In Aarto M. <Footnote ID=”Fn46”><Para ID=”Par74”>See Koivurova, T. (<CitationRef aid:cstyle=”CitationRef” CitationID=”CR18”>2008</CitationRef>). Alkuperäiskansojenitsemääräämisoikeuskansainvälisessäoikeudessa [The right of self-determination of indigenous peoples in international law]. In Aarto M. $& Vartiainen, M. (Eds), Oikeus kansainvälisessä maailmassa [Law in a changing world] (pp. 249–269, at 268). Edita Publishing Oy, Lapin yliopiston oikeustieteiden tiedekunta [University of Lapland, Faculty of Law].</Para></Footnote>amp; Vartiainen, M. (Eds), Oikeus kansainvälisessä maailmassa [Law in a changing world] (pp. 249–269, at 268). Edita Publishing Oy, Lapin yliopiston oikeustieteiden tiedekunta [University of Lapland, Faculty of Law].

Article 4.

U.N. Commission on Human rights, Sub-Comm. On the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Working Paper: Standard-Setting: Legal Commentary on the Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent, 57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1, 2005 (July 14, 2005), at 3. (prepared by Antoanella-Iulia Motoc and the Tebtebba Foundation).

Ward, T. (2011). The Right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent: Indigenous Peoples’ Participation Rights within International Law. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 10(2), 54.

U.N. Commission on Human rights, Sub-Comm. On the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Working Paper: Standard-Setting: Legal Commentary on the Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent, 57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1, 2005 (July 14, 2005) (prepared by Antoanella-Iulia Motoc and the Tebtebba Foundation).

U.N. Commission on Human rights, Sub-Comm. On the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Working Paper: Standard-Setting: Legal Commentary on the Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent, 57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1, 2005 (July 14, 2005), at 4.

See Marcus Colchester & Mackay, F. (2004). In Search of Middle Ground: Indigenous Peoples, Collective Representation and the Right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent. Forest Peoples Program. Retrieved January 19, 2014, from http://​www.​forestpeoples.​org/​sites/​fpp/​files/​publication/​2010/​08/​fpicipsaug04eng.​pdf

U.N. Commission on Human rights, Sub-Comm. On the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Working Paper: Standard-Setting: Legal Commentary on the Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent, 57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1, 2005 (July 14, 2005), at 3. (prepared by Antoanella-Iulia Motoc and the Tebtebba Foundation), at 15, Para 57.

Seier, F. (2011). Free, Prior and Informed Consent’ under UNDRIP: What Does it Really Mean? Right 2 Respect, Business and Human Rights Advisors. Retrieved January 19, 2014, from http://​www.​right2respect.​com/​2011/​06/​%E2%80%98free-prior-and-informed-consent%E2%80%99-under-the-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples-what-does-it-really-mean

Ward, T. (2011), supra note 50, at 55.

Bartolome, C. (2005) The Indigenous Rights of Participation and International Development Policies. Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law, 41, at 41; U.N. Commission on Human Rights (2005), supra note 56, at 56.

Ward, T. (2011), supra note 50, at 58.

U.N. Commission on Human rights, Sub-Comm. On the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Working Paper: Standard-Setting: Legal Commentary on the Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent, 57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1, 2005 (July 14, 2005) (prepared by Antoanella-Iulia Motoc and the Tebtebba Foundation), at 12, Para 45.

Ward, T. (2011), supra note 50, at 56.

See, Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Communication No. 167/1984, CCPR/C/38/D/167/1884.

Baluarte, D.C. (2004). Balancing Indigenous Rights and a State’s Right to Develop in Latin America: The Inter-American Rights Regime and ILO Convention 169, 4 Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 9, at 10.

See Anaya (2005), supra note 17, at 11. See Report of the Committee Set up to Examine the Representation Alleging Non-Observance by Colombia of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), Made Under Article 24 of the ILO Constitution by the Central Unitary Workers’ Union (CUT), ILO Doc. GB. 282/14/2 (Nov. 21, 2001); Report of the Committee Set Up to Examine the Representation Alleging Non-Observance by Mexico of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), Made Under Article 24 of the ILO Constitution by the Union of Workers of the Autonomous University of Mexico (STUNAM) and the Independent Union of Workers of La Jornada (SITRAJOR). ILO Doc. GB.289/17/3 (Mar. 19, 2004); Report of the Committee Set Up to Examine the Representation Alleging Non-Observance by Colombia of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), Made Under Article 24 of the ILO Constitution by the Central Unitary Workers’ Union (CUT) and the Colombian Medical Trade Union Association, ILO Doc. GB.282/14/3 (Nov. 14, 2001).

The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.

Ward, T. (2011), supra note 50, at 60.

ILO, Report of the Committee set up to examine the representation alleging non-observance by Ecuador of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), made under article 24 of the ILO Constitution by the ConfederacionEcuatoriana de OrganizacionesSindicalesLibres (CEOSL), ILO Doc. GB.282/14/2 (Nov. 14, 2001).

Report of the Committee Set Up to Examine the Representation Alleging Non-Observance by Ecuador of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), Made Under Article 24 of the ILO Constitution by the ConfederacionEcuatoriana de OrganizacionesSindicalesLibres (CEOSL), ILO Doc. GB.282/14/2 (Nov. 14, 2001), Para 38.

See CEACR, Individual Observations concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) Ecuador, ILO Doc. 062010ECU 169 (2010), para 4; CEACR, Individual Observation concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) Guatemala, ILO Doc. 062006GTM169 (2006), Paras 10,13 and 15; CEACR, Individual Observation concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) Mexico, ILO Doc. 062006MEX169 (2006), Para 10.

Seier, F. (2011), supra note 55, at 2.

Davis, M. (2008), supra note 39, at 465.

Special Rapporteur James Anaya on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, UN Doc. A/HRC/13/34 (July 15, 2009), Para 48.

A/HRC/18/42, Para 22.

See the next chapter.

Davis, M. (2008), supra note 39, at 465; Xanthaki, A. (2009). Indigenous Rights in International Law over the Last 10 Years and Future Developments, 10 Melbourne Journal of International Law, at 36.

Anaya, J. (2009). The Right of Indigenous Peoples to Self-Determination in the Post-Declaration Era. In Chartres C. & Stavanhagen, T. (Eds.), Making the Declaration Work: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (at 184), IWGIA.

Fitzmaurice, M. (2009), supra note 45, at 76.

See Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Joint Statement: Free, prior and informed consent, Tenth Session, May 18, 2011, Agenda Item 3 c: Free, prior and informed consent, Speaker: Kenneth Deer, available at: http://​www.​ubcic.​bc.​ca/​News_​Releases/​UBCICNews0519110​1.​html#ixzz21qDLwJWr (visited 23.10.2012).

153 D.L.R.4th 193 (1997).

Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976, Pt. IV; Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW), sec. 45(5); Aboriginal Land Act 1991 (Qld), sec. 42; and Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 (Qld), sec. 80; Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld), sec. 54; Mineral Resources Development Act 1995 (Tas), Pt. 7, and; Aboriginal Land (Jervis Bay Territory) Act 1986 (Cth), sec. 43, 52 A (1), (2).

Aotearoa-New Zealand’s, Crown Minerals Act 1991.

Section 51.

Sections 53–54.

The Philippine Indigenous Peoples Rights Act recognizes the right of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples for all activities affecting their lands and territories including: exploration, development and use of natural resources; research and bio-prospecting; displacement and relocation; archaeological explorations; policies affecting indigenous peoples such as Executive Order 263 (Community-based Forest Management); and the entry of military.

Ward, T. (2011), supra note 50, at 57.

CESCR, Concluding observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Ecuador, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1/Add. 100, para 12.

CESCR, Concluding observations on Colombia, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.74E/C.12/1/Add.74, para 12.

CESCR, General Comment No. 21 Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (art. 15, 1(a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), U.N. Doc. E/C.12/GC/21 (Dec. 21, 2009).

General Recommendation 23: Indigenous Peoples, Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, U.N. Doc. A/52/18, annex V; CERD/C/51/Misc.13/Rev.4 (1997), Para 5.

See UN Doc. CERD/C/RUS/CO/19, 20 August 2008 Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Russian Federation 73rd CERD session.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Eighty-first session, 6–31 August 2012, Consideration of reports submitted by State parties under article 9 of the convention, Concluding observation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Finland, CERD/C/FIN/CO/20-22, Para 13. See also Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, U.N. GAOR, 50th Sess., Agenda Item 103, Para 536, U.N. Doc. A/50/18 (1995); See, also, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Ecuador, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/ECU/CO/19, Para 16.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on Australia, 7 May 2009, CCPR/C/AUS/CO/5.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on Sweden, 7 May 2009, CCPR/C/SWE/CO/6.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on El Salvador, 18 November 2010, CCPR/C/SLV/CO/6 Para 18.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on Togo, 18 April 2011, CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4, Para 21.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Guatemala, 19 April 2012, CCPR/C/GTM/CO/3, Para 27.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Finland, 22 August 2013, CCPR/C/FIN/CO/6. Para 16.

Finnish Mining Act 621/2011. See an analysis on the rights of the Sami people, Timo Koivurova and Anna Petrétei: Enacting a New Mining Act in Finland – How were Sami Rights and Interests Taken into Account? Nordisk Miljörättslig Tidskrift, Nordic Environmental Law Journal, 2014:1, 119–133, <http://​nordiskmiljoratt​.​se/​onewebmedia/​NMT%20​2014-1.​pdf> accessed 1 September 2014; Saamelaiskäräjälakityöryhmän mietintö. Oikeusministeriö, mietintöjä ja lausuntoja 55/2013. <http://​oikeusministerio​.​fi/​fi/​index/​julkaisut/​julkaisuarkisto/​1382513081296/​Files/​OMML_​55_​2013_​MIETINTO_​196_​s.​pdf> accessed in 20 August 2014; Reform in Act on Metsähallitus (State Forrest Board), Työryhmämuistio MMM 2014: 2. <http://​www.​mmm.​fi/​attachments/​mmm/​julkaisut/​tyoryhmamuistiot​/​2014/​t5lQ2u0cf/​trm_​2_​2014_​Saamelaisten_​osallistumisoike​uksien_​lisaaminen_​valtion_​maa-_​ja_​vesialueiden_​kayttoa_​koskevassa_​paatoksentekomen​ettelyssa_​saamelaisten_​kotiseutualueell​a_​.​pdf> accessed 20 August 2014.

Art. 38.

UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Belize in the absence of a report, adopted by the Committee at its 107th session (11–28 March 2013), 26 April 2013, CCPR/C/BLZ/CO/1. Para 25.

Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.62, doc.26 (1984), 120.

See, generally, O’Flaherty, M. (2006). The Concluding Observations of United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies. Human Rights Law Review, 27, at 33.

For an analysis on this issue, see the study of the International Human Rights Law and Practice – Committee of International Law Association (ILA), “Final Report on the Impacts of Findings of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies”, www.​ila-hq.​org/​html/​layout_​committee.​htm (accessed 19 January 2014).

Maya indigenous community of the Toledo District v. Belize , Case 12.053, Report No. 40/04, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.122 Doc. 5 rev. 1 at 727 (2004). http://​www1.​umn.​edu/​humanrts/​cases/​40-04.​html

Para 194.

The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, Judgment of August 31, 2001, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., (Ser. C) No. 79 (2001).

Para 163.

Para 164.

Anaya, J. (2005), supra note 3, at 14.

Page, A. (2004) Indigenous Peoples’ Free Prior and Informed Consent in the Inter-American Human Rights System. Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 4(2), 16–20, at 16.

Page, A. (2004), supra note 118, at 19.

Saramaka People v. Suriname, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of November 28, 2007, Series C, No 172.

Paragraph 131 of the Decision.

Para. 133.

Para. 134.

Paragraph 8 of the Operative Paragraphs.

Human Rights Committee, Communication No. 1457/2006, Doc. CCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006 of 27 March 2009.

See, for instance, I. Länsman et al v. Finland, Communication No. 511/1992; J. Länsman et al v. Finland, Communication no 671/1995, Apirana Mahuika et al v. New Zealand, Communication No. 547/1993, Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Communication No. 167/1984.

Due to the building of wells, water had been diverted from the Peruvian highlands to a coastal city with the result that Aymara community living in the highlands had been deprived of their access to underground springs. The lack of water seriously affected the only means of subsistence of the community. For an analysis of the case, See K. Göcke (2010). The Case of Ángela Poma Poma v. Peru before the Human Rights Committee, The Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent and the Application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to the Protection and Promotion of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 14, 337–370.

After preparations lasting more than a decade, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 7 September 2007. UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 7 September 2007, Sixty-first Session, A/61/L.67, http://​www.​iwgia.​org/​sw248.​asp (accessed January 5, 2008).

See Göcke, K. (2010), supra note 129, at 353–357.

While the World Bank does not require FPIC, its new policy on indigenous peoples, OP 4.10 of 10 May 2005, requires obtaining indigenous peoples’ broad community support through culturally appropriate and collective decision-making processes subsequent to meaningful and good faith consultation and “informed participation” at each stage and throughout the life of the project. Without such support the Bank will not proceed with project processing. IBRD/IDA, Operational Policy 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples, 10 May 2004, para. 1, 6 (c) and 11.

E/cn.4/Sub.2/2003/38/Rev.2., para 10 (c). Similar statements on FPIC have been made by UN Special Rapporteurs on indigenous land rights (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/21); treaties concluded between states and indigenous peoples (E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1998/CRP.1), and indigenous peoples’ intellectual and cultural heritage (E/CN4/Sub.2/1993/28), as well as by the Commission on Human Rights’ Special Rapporteur on situation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people (E/CN.4/2002/97). In preparation for its 3rd session, the UN PFII distributed a questionnaire to all UN system “Indigenous Peoples Focal Points” in order to gather information about how the principle of FPIC is understood and applied by United Nations programmes, funds, agencies. (E/C.19/2004/11, para 3). The UNDP, UNFPA, FAO, ILO, UNITAR, IFAD, OHCHR, WHO responded that, while they do not have an official, working definition of FPIC, they recognize it as being embedded in the human rights framework and maintained, while not without challenges, that they “to large extent implement [FPIC] on an ad-hoc basis in line with the general guidelines, legal instruments and principles through which they work.” (ibid., para 7). Also the International Finance Corporation’s Micro-Finance Exclusion List states that IFC funds may not be used to finance “Production or activities that impinge on the lands owned, or claimed under adjudication, by indigenous peoples, without full documented consent of such peoples.” Procedure for Environmental and Social Review of Projects. International Finance Corporation, December 1887, at 36; UNDP and Indigenous Peoples: A Policy of Engagement, paras. 26–30 (2001); European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Environmental and Social Policy, issued May 2008, at 50; The Asian Bank, Safeguard Policy Statement, Second Draft, October 2008, at 11–12; International Finance Corporation (IFC), Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability, January 2012, Para 11.

A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/12.

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people (A/HRC/12/34).

A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/12, at 16, referring to the Report A/HRC 12/34 (ibid), Para. 44.

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on extractive industries operating within or near indigenous territories (A/HRC/18/35), Para 63.

A/HRC/18/42, annex, Para 9.

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, principle 11.http://​www.​ohchr.​org/​documents/​issues/​business/​A.​HRC.​17.​31.​pdf (accessed 19 January 2014).

A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/2, Para 15.

Ibid., Para 16. The Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples states: “Indigenous peoples may also need to develop or revise their own institutions, through their own decision-making procedures, in order to set up representative structures to facilitate the consultation processes.” (A/HRC/18/35, Para 52).

A/HRC/EMRIP/12/2, Para 16.

See, generally, Heinämäki and Herrmann (2013). The Recognition of Sacred Natural Sites of Arctic Indigenous Peoples as Part of their Cultural Integrity. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 4(2), 206–231.

Anaya, J. (2005), supra note 19, at 7.