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2017 | Buch

Government 3.0 – Next Generation Government Technology Infrastructure and Services

Roadmaps, Enabling Technologies & Challenges

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Über dieses Buch

Historically, technological change has had significant effect on the locus of administrative activity, cost of carrying out administrative tasks, the skill sets needed by officials to effectively function, rules and regulations, and the types of interactions citizens have with their public authorities. Next generation Public Sector Innovation will be “Government 3.0” powered by innovations related to Open and big data, administrative and business process management, Internet-of-Things and blockchains for public sector innovation to drive improvements in service delivery, decision and policy making and resource management. This book provides fresh insights into this transformation while also examining possible negative side effects of the increasing ope

nness of governments through the adoption of these new innovations. The goal is for technology policy makers to engage with the visions of Government 3.0 . Researchers should be able to critically examine some of the innovations described in the book as the basis for developing research agendas related to challenges associated with the adoption and use of some of the associated technologies. The book serves as a rich source of materials from leading experts in the field that enables Public administration practitioners to better understand how these new technologies impact traditional public administration paradigms. The book is suitable for graduate courses in Public Sector Innovation, Innovation in Public Administration, E-Government and Information Systems. Public sector technology policy makers, e-government, information systems and public administration researchers and practitioners should all benefit from reading this book.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
European Strategies for e-Governance to 2020 and Beyond
Abstract
This chapter examines both academic and grey literature on the transitions and developments in e-government towards notions of open government and open governance. This is viewed through the prism of European level strategies, the EU’s research and innovation programmes, as well as common strategies like the European E-Government Action Plan agreed to by all EU Member States. The three strands of the proposed European open governance setting, consisting of open data, open service and open process, are examined, as is the conceptualization of government as an open source service platform as well as a broader platform for collaboration between all societal actors. The purpose is to support societal-wide innovation for tackling pressing societal challenges where the role of ICT is seen more broadly than has traditionally been the case, i.e. as a general purpose technology. In this context, the chapter also examines emerging technologies likely to impact government in the short as well as longer-term, such as big data, artificial intelligence, drones and blockchain.
Jeremy Millard
Public Administration for the Next Generation
Abstract
Public Administration incorporates the development of statutes and regulations to bring order and control to aspects of society. In democratic societies this is accompanied by gathering opinion from the population on the span and degree of this control and on some of the details. This essay explores ways in which developments in digital technologies can facilitate this process, aid policymakers in ensuring consistency of regulations, and streamline the process between regulation and software in situations where this is relevant and helpful. It looks forward to what the coming generation of citizens might expect from their public administrators.
Peter Winstanley
The Citizen Scientist in the ePolicy Cycle
Abstract
This chapter discusses a participation and technology enabled model of the citizen scientist in relation to the policy cycle. With interconnected personal devices collecting a plethora of various data, citizens are capable to serendipitously contribute to crowded knowledge generation. In the governance domain, the trend towards more data-driven models of governance and decision-making has been considerable. Big data contains the methodologies to cope with the wealth of data generated by the citizen scientist and in turn provides the tools and technologies to draw actionable insights from this data, f.i. with predictive technologies that could optimise resources across government sectors. After discussing the changing role of science and the technological and participative enablers and methods of engagement relevant for citizen participation, this contribution discusses the role of the citizen scientist and his or her involvement in the big data enabled governance loop by defining three use cases within the policy cycle. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges that can arise in this context.
Johann Höchtl, Judith Schossböck, Thomas J. Lampoltshammer, Peter Parycek
Governance Failure in Light of Government 3.0: Foundations for Building Next Generation eGovernment Maturity Models
Abstract
Demographic, economic and other challenges is putting the public sector and service deliver under increasing pressure. ICT as an enabler of increased efficiency, effectiveness and transformation has long been recognized as part of the solution. National experiences show that the potential of ICT has not been fully realized, especially not in relation to Government 3.0 (Gov3.0). Existing public administration, information systems management and eGovernment literature and individual studies all point to the role of governance and cross-organisational cooperation in successfully introducing eServices and citizens actual use of them.
With a specific focus on eGovernment and eGovernance maturity and stage models, the literature attempt to unearth the underlying reasons why countries with similar infrastructures and eService availability experience very different levels of online interaction with the public sector, and in particular whether existing stage models address governance and cooperation.
Unfortunately, the review highlight a number of gaps including: Focus on outcomes and actual use is missing; most lack a real understanding of core government service concepts; decision-making should not be considered an eGovernment maturity level; front-office service provision and back-office integration is mixed-up; none addresses governance directly; most models are merely restructure or adjust existing ones, and none address Gov3.0 as such.
Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen
Techniques for Reuse in Business Process Modeling in Public Administration
Abstract
As part of the Smart Cities movement, public administrations are constantly in need to create new and innovative public services. Innovative services can be derived from exiting best practices. Reuse is a key enabler for cost effective customization of their processes for delivering effective and timely services. The literature exhibits a wide variety of techniques that can be applied. This paper conducts an analysis of major reuse-oriented process modeling techniques with respect to available means of maintainability, user support, compression rate gained when storing process models as well as traceability of modeling decisions. Furthermore, we empirically evaluated the technique of configuration-based process modeling to validate its applicability in modeling municipal processes.
Wassim Derguech, Edward Curry, Sami Bhiri
Capability Development in Open Data-Driven Organizations
Abstract
Open data (OD) is increasingly considered as a core resource for many organizations in the emerging data economy. Open data-driven organizations (ODDOs) like any other organizations must develop capabilities for generating value from OD, agility, and competitiveness to survive. This chapter investigates the salient factors for generating value from OD and agility in a dynamic data ecosystem by developing an operationalization of the Resource-based View Theory (RBV) and Dynamic Capability Theory (DCT) for ODDOs. As a first step towards determining the critical factors for developing value capabilities (VCs) and dynamic capabilities (DCs) in these organizations, we analyzed the information gathered from expert interviews on the saliency of the different aspects and stages of VCs and DCs in developing VCs for a down-stream organization and the agility of an up-stream organization or OD supplier in the data ecosystem. Both frameworks were enhanced based on the feedbacks received from interviewees and as a result new open data value capabilities are discovered. Our findings further suggest that critical factors for DCs differ for organizations in the upstream and downstream sectors, albeit some core elements are shared across sectors in data ecosystem.
Fatemeh Ahmadi Zeleti, Adegboyega Ojo
Water Analytics and Management with Real-Time Linked Dataspaces
Abstract
Due to predictions of water scarcity in the future, governments and public administrations are increasingly looking for innovative solutions to improve water governance and conservation. The problem is exasperated due to low levels of awareness about water consumption among the general public. This calls for a holistic approach to effectively manage resources during all stages of water usage. Implementation of such an approach heavily relies on advanced analytics technologies that combine data from different sources to enable decision support and public engagement. The next-generation of water information management systems must overcome significant technical challenges including integration of heterogeneous and real-time data, creation of analytical models for diverse users, and exploitation of ubiquitous devices to disseminate actionable information. This chapter presents a new approach for water analytics in public spaces that is built upon the fundamental concepts of Linked Data technologies. The chapter also presents a concrete realization of the Linked Data approach through the development of water analytics applications for buildings in public educational institutions.
Umair ul Hassan, Souleiman Hasan, Wassim Derguech, Louise Hannon, Eoghan Clifford, Christos Kouroupetroglou, Sander Smit, Edward Curry
Fostering Citizens’ Participation and Transparency with Social Tools and Personalization
Abstract
In this paper we present innovative solutions to the problem of transparency in Public Administrations (PAs) by opening up public data and services so that citizens participation is facilitated and encouraged with a Social Platform and a personalized user-friendly Transparency-Enhancing Toolset.
Vittorio Scarano, Delfina Malandrino, Michael Baker, Françoise Détienne, Jerry Andriessen, Mirjam Pardijs, Adegboyega Ojo, Michael Hogan, Albert Meijer, Erna Ruijer
The 6-Values Open Data Business Model Framework
Abstract
Business models for open data have emerged in response to the economic opportunities presented by the increasing availability of open data. However, scholarly efforts providing elaborations, rigorous analysis and comparison of open data models are very limited. This could be partly attributed to the fact that most discussions on open data business models are predominantly in the practice community. This shortcoming has resulted in a growing list of open data business models which, on closer examination, are not clearly delineated and lack clear value orientation. This has made the understanding of value creation and exploitation mechanisms in existing open data businesses difficult and challenging to transfer. Following the Design Science Research (DSR) tradition, we describe a 6-Value (6-V) business model framework built as a design artifact to facilitate the explication and detailed analysis of existing open data business models in practice. Based on the results of the analysis, we identify business model patterns and emerging core value disciplines for open data businesses. Our results not only help streamline existing open data business models but helps in linking them to the overall business strategy through value disciplines.
Fatemeh Ahmadi Zeleti, Adegboyega Ojo
Technology Innovations in Public Service Delivery for Sustainable Development
Abstract
This chapter focuses on how ICT can be deployed to assist in the design and delivery of innovative public services in support of sustainable development. In many parts of the world, and especially in developing countries, basic public services like education, health, basic infrastructures, as well as water and sanitation, are often poor and patchy even when available. Such services are reflected in the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda for 2030, and also address challenges like poverty, food, housing and employment. All of these need innovative public service delivery if targets are to be achieved by 2030. However, the provision of such services is increasingly challenged by the diversity of social needs across different locations and population segments. Mainstream, largely off-the-shelf, ICT has tremendous potential today and in the near future to innovatively address these needs and challenges, and there are already many valuable experiences both from developed and developing countries about how this can make huge differences to public service delivery. The chapter also addresses the governance and policy issues that need to be addressed in this context.
Jeremy Millard
Blockchain as a Next Generation Government Information Infrastructure: A Review of Initiatives in D5 Countries
Abstract
Blockchain or distributed ledger technology; a distributed and open data infrastructure enabling secure transactions without centralised trust party on the Internet, is considered to have disruptive potentials comparable to that of the Internet. This technology innovation is driving major strategic and policy actions in several economies around the world and particularly in the Digital 5 (D5) countries which include United Kingdom, United States, Estonia, New Zealand and Israel. This chapter provides some background to the new technology and reviews flagship blockchain related initiatives in the D5 countries. It concludes with recommendations for policymakers on emerging governance topics that require investigation in order to realise the full potentials of blockchain innovation in public administration and the government domain.
Adegboyega Ojo, Samuel Adebayo
Governance, Transparency and the Collaborative Design of Open Data Collaboration Platforms: Understanding Barriers, Options, and Needs
Abstract
Developments in open data have prompted a range of proposals and innovations in the domain of governance and public administration. Within the democratic tradition, transparency is seen as a fundamental element of democratic governance. While the use of open government data has the potential to enhance transparency and trust in government, realising any ideal of transparent democratic governance implies responding to a range of sociotechnical design challenges. In order to address these design challenges it is essential to adopt an interdisciplinary and stakeholder-engaged approach to research and innovation. In the current study, we describe a contextualist approach to the design of an open data collaboration platform in the context of an EU innovation project, focused on enhancing transparency and collaboration between citizens and public administrators through the use of open government data. We report on a collective intelligence scenario-based design process that has shaped the development of open data platform requirements and ongoing system engineering and evaluation work. Stakeholders across five pilot sites identified barriers to accessing, understanding, and using open data, and options to overcome these barriers across three broad categories: government and organisational issues; technical, data, and resource issues; and training and engagement issues. Stakeholders also expressed a broad variety of user needs across three domains: information needs; social-collaborative needs; and understandability, usability, and decision-making needs. Similarities and differences across sites are highlighted along with implications for open data platform design.
Michael Hogan, Adegboyega Ojo, Owen Harney, Erna Ruijer, Albert Meijer, Jerry Andriessen, Mirjam Pardijs, Paolo Boscolo, Elena Palmisano, Matteo Satta, Jonathan Groff, Michael Baker, Françoise Détienne, Lukasz Porwol, Vittorio Scarano, Delfina Malandrino
The Privacy/Transparency Balance in Open Government
Abstract
This paper explores strategies for balancing privacy with transparency in the release of government data and information as part of the growing global open government movement and within an evolving technological context. Government data or information may contain many different types of personal information. In some cases, transparency will require the release of this personal information; in other cases, the release of personal information will not advance the goals of government transparency. The situation is complicated by the availability of technologies that facilitate widespread dissemination of information and that allow for the mixing and mining of information in ways that may permit the reidentification of individuals within anonymized data sets. This paper identifies a number of strategies designed to assist in identifying whether data or information contains personal information, whether it should be released notwithstanding the presence of personal information, and what techniques might be used to minimize any possible adverse privacy impacts.
Teresa Scassa, Amy Conroy
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Government 3.0 – Next Generation Government Technology Infrastructure and Services
herausgegeben von
Adegboyega Ojo
Jeremy Millard
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-63743-3
Print ISBN
978-3-319-63741-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63743-3