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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Government’s Understanding of Social Inclusion

verfasst von : Xiaoqing Zhang

Erschienen in: In the Name of Inclusion

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

This chapter begins with an examination on the shift of policy focus on urban village redevelopment. It then explores how the notion of social inclusion is understood by the local government in Xi’an and its implications on citizenship as membership, as rights, and as the process of right extension. The official interpretation of social inclusion is influenced by a Chinese version of citizenship, which focuses on hukou system, puts socioeconomic inclusion at priority, and deeply resonates with the Chinese traditional ideology. This chapter argues that the redevelopment policy actually implied a trade-off by which villagers were made to compromise on property rights in exchange for social rights.

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Vorheriges Kapitel From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion: Where Does Citizenship Fit In?

Nächstes Kapitel Villagers’ Understanding of Social Inclusion

Development zones may locate within a certain district or cover areas of several districts. For example, ETDZ is located within Weiyang district and HTDZ covers part of Yanta district and part of Changan district. Thus, the Administration Committees are not subordinate to district governments. They are special bureaucratic agencies set up by the Xi’an Municipal Government to administrate the development zones. At the beginning stage of urban village regeneration, there were four Administration Committees that were responsible for the redevelopment tasks within their development zones: Administration Committees of ETDZ, of HTDZ, of Qujiang new district, and of Chanba Ecological District.

According to “Explanation on the application of laws on personal injury compensation cases” issued by the Chinese Supreme People’s Court, the calculation of compensation for death is based on the average annual income of urban residents or the average net income of rural residents. Because rural people’s annual income is usually less than that of urban people, the compensation for rural people can be significantly reduced.

“Serve the People” was a speech made by Mao Zedong at the memorial meeting for a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) member in 1944. Following the speech, several articles were published with regard to the topic. See the study “Serve the People” reprinted from Peking Review for a full discussion. Available at: http://www.massline.org/PekingReview/PR1967/PR1967-02e.htm [Accessed: 26-09-2019]

See Li and Tian’s (2014) book for the discussion on Mao and Deng’s “Mass Line” idea: Li, X. and Tian X. (eds) (2014), Evolution of Power. UK: Lexington Books.

The idea is a part of the guiding socio-political theory “Three Represents” that was proposed by Jiang Zemin at the Sixteenth Party Congress in 2002. For a full explanation see http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66739/4521344.html [Accessed: 26-09-2019]

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In the process of urban village redevelopment, the compensations should consist of three parts. The first part was in the form of subsidy, including the money helping with households’ livelihood during the “gap years” between demolition and relocation, and the amount of money that equivalent to households’ demolished properties; however, if villagers chose to move in the relocated housings, a certain sum would be cut from the subsidy. The second part was the so-called economic development land, on which the village committees usually constructed commercial properties such as office buildings, markets or shops and rented them out; the indigenous villagers could have share in these commercial properties and thus get benefits from them after redevelopments. The third part was the access to social welfares and security system to help with villagers’ livelihoods after redevelopments (XMG 2005b, 2007a, b).

The urban residents in a city can be categorised into four types on the basis of hukou status: local urban people who possess local urban hukou, local rural people who possess local rural hukou (in this book they are urban villagers), people from other urban places who possess urban hukou from other cities, and rural migrants who possess rural hukou from other cities (in this book they are rural migrant workers).

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XMG (2003). Xianshi Chengzhongcun Gaizao Jianshe Guanli Zanxing Banfa [Interim Measures for the Administration of Urban Village Regeneration in Xi’an]. Xi’an: Shizhengfa (2003), No. 43.

XMG (2005a). Xianshi Jianli Beizhengdi Nongmin Jiuye he Shehui Baozhang Zhidu de Ruoan Yijian [The advice on establishing the employment and social security system for the landless farmers in Xi’an]. Xi’an: Shizhengfa (2005), No. 45.

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Zhang, X.Q. (2015). In the name of inclusion: citizenship conflicts in the redevelopment of urban villages in Xi’an, China. In Gualini E., J.M.Mourato and M. Allegra (eds.), Conflict in the City: Contested Urban Spaces and Local Democracy. Berlin: JOVIS.

Titel: Government’s Understanding of Social Inclusion
verfasst von: Xiaoqing Zhang
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: In the Name of Inclusion
Print ISBN: 978-981-336-119-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-336-120-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6120-1_3

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