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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Greek Crisis and Aftermath (2009–2016)

verfasst von : Mustafa Kutlay

Erschienen in: The Political Economies of Turkey and Greece

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The 2009 Greek economic crisis endured deep social, political, and economic pains. Kutlay, in this chapter, argues that the crisis also provided historical opportunity to restructure inefficient state institutions and introduce a new economic regime. The IMF and the EU involved in the design of the reform programs with an unmatched level of bargaining leverage. Despite the presence of a single party government and strong external anchors, Greece decisively plunged into a deadlock in which multi-level blame games have dominated the post-crisis policy-making agenda. Why crisis did not lead to the creation of new winning coalitions and give leeway to a reform-oriented paradigm change? Kutlay offers a political economy account of the Greek crisis and its aftermath to address this question.

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Fußnoten
1
Athens News Agency, “Government Submits New Deficit Figure,” October 22, 2009.
 
2
Athens News Agency, “Government Blames ND for ‘Credibility Deficit’ at EU,” October 22, 2009.
 
3
IMF, “IMF Reaches Staff-Level Agreement with Greece on €30 Billion Stand-By Arrangement,” Press Release, no. 10/176, May 2, 2010.
 
4
Ibid.
 
5
European Commission, The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications, 2010).
 
6
Ibid., 40.
 
7
Ibid. Also see IMF, Greece: Staff Report on Request for Stand-By Agreement (Washington, DC: IMF Publication Services, May 2010), 10–11.
 
8
European Commission, The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, 42.
 
9
IMF, Greece: Ex-Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access Under the 2010 Stand-By Arrangement (Washington, DC: IMF Publication Services, 2013), 11.
 
10
European Commission, The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, 24, 47.
 
11
For the full list of semi-structured in-depth interviews, see Appendix.
 
12
European Commission, The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece: Third Review (Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications, 2013), 47.
 
13
European Commission, The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications, 2012).
 
14
European Commission, The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece: Third Review, 1–8.
 
15
Dimitris Tsarouhas, “The Political Origins of the Greek Crisis: Domestic Failures and the EU Factor,” Insight Turkey 14, no. 2 (2012): 92.
 
16
George Papandreou, “Re-inventing Greece: A Leadership Vision,” Speech at the Economist Conference http://​papandreou.​gr/​en/​speech-at-the-economist-conference/​ (arrived on February 27, 2016).
 
17
Christiane Amanpour, “Interview with George Papandreou,” http://​papandreou.​gr/​en/​interview-on-cnn/​ (arrived on February 27, 2016).
 
18
Ibid.
 
19
Andrew Marr, “Interview with George Papandreou,” http://​news.​bbc.​co.​uk/​1/​hi/​uk_​politics/​8526880.​stm (arrived on February 27, 2016), emphasis added.
 
20
George Papandreou, “Imagine a European Democracy Without Borders,” TED Speech, http://​www.​ted.​com/​talks/​george_​papandreou_​imagine_​a_​european_​democracy_​without_​borders/​transcript (arrived on February 27, 2016).
 
21
George Papandreou, “Greece Is Not an Island,” The New York Times, March 9, 2010.
 
22
Ibid.
 
23
Interview with Member of Parliament, PASOK, June 19, 2014.
 
24
Marr, “Interview with George Papandreou.”
 
25
William E. Paterson, “The Reluctant Hegemon? Germany Moves Centre Stage in the European Union,” Journal of Common Market Studies 49, Annual Review (2011): 57–75.
 
26
Ambrose Evans-Prichard, “Greece Accuses Germany of ‘Squalid Game’ in Debt Crisis,” The Telegraph, March 22, 2010.
 
27
Vanessa Fuhrmans and Sebastian Moffett, “Exposure to Greece Weighs on French, German Banks,” The Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2010.
 
28
Sebastian Dullien and Ulrike Guerot, The Long Shadow of Ordoliberalism: Germany’s Approach to the Euro Crisis (London: European Council of Foreign Relations, 2012), 4.
 
29
Papandreou, “In the Face of a Crisis for Greece and the EU.”
 
30
Neil Macdonald, “Papandreou Talks Greece’s Debt,” http://​www.​cbc.​ca/​news/​papandreou-talks-greece-s-debt-1.​954851 (arrived on February 27, 2016).
 
31
Papandreou, “Imagine a European Democracy Without Borders.”
 
32
Martin Wolf, “A Bail-Out for Greece Is Just the Beginning,” Financial Times, May 4, 2010.
 
33
Vassilis K. Fouskas and Constantine Dimoulas, Greece, Financialization, and the EU (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
 
34
Wolfgang Münchau, “Greece’s Bail-Out only Delays the Inevitable,” Financial Times, April 18, 2010.
 
35
IMF, Office Memorandum: Board Meeting on Greece’s Request for an SBA, May 9, 2010. Available at http://​online.​wsj.​com/​public/​resources/​documents/​Greece-IMF-2010-Bailout-Minutes.​pdf (arrived on February 1, 2016), 2.
 
36
Angela Merkel, “Greece’s Austerity Programme ‘Ambitious and Sustainable,’ ” https://​www.​bundesregierung.​de/​ContentArchiv/​EN/​Archiv17/​Artikel/​2010/​05/​2010-05-02-griechenland-hilfen_​en.​html (arrived on February 27, 2016).
 
37
Werner Bonefeld, “Freedom and the Strong State: On German Ordoliberalism,” New Political Economy 17, no. 5 (2012): 633.
 
38
Volker Berghahn and Brigitte Young, “Reflections on Werner Bonefeld’s ‘Freedom and the Strong State: On German Ordoliberalism’ and the Continuing Importance of the Ideas of Ordoliberalism to Understand Germany’s (Contested) Role in Resolving the Eurozone Crisis,” New Political Economy 18, no. 5 (2013): 775.
 
39
Angela Merkel, “Speech by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel at the Opening Ceremony of the College of Europe on November 2, 2010,” https://​www.​bundesregierung.​de/​ContentArchiv/​EN/​Archiv17/​Reden/​2010/​2010-11-02-merkel-bruegge.​html (arrived on February 10, 2016).
 
40
Gavin Hewitt, The Lost Continent: Europe’s Darkest Hour Since World War Two (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2013), 84.
 
41
European Commission, The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece: Third Review (Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications, 2011).
 
42
Interview with the Member of Parliament, New Democracy, June 25, 2014; interview with senior advisor to Lucas Papademos, June 24, 2014.
 
43
Athens News Agency, “ND to Vote Against Greece’s EU-IMF Financing,” May 5, 2010.
 
44
Athens News Agency, “ND Leader Phone Contacts with Commission, EPP Chiefs,” May 6, 2010.
 
45
Interview with representative of SYRIZA, June 7, 2014.
 
46
Interview with senior policy analyst, ELIAMEP, June 24, 2014; interview with senior advisor to Lucas Papademos, June 24, 2014.
 
47
Interview with senior advisor to Lucas Papademos, June 24, 2014.
 
48
Sophia Vasilopoulou, Dafne Halikiopoulou, and Theofanis Exadaktylos, “Greece in Crisis: Austerity, Populism and the Politics of Blame,” Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 2 (2014): 395–396.
 
49
Zoe Lanara, The Impact of Anti-crisis Measures and the Social and Employment Situation: Greece (Brussels: European Economic and Social Committee, 2012), 9.
 
50
Interview with senior official, Labour Institute (INE)/GSEE-ADEDY, June 24, 2014.
 
51
Interview with senior official, GSEE, June 26, 2014.
 
52
The General Confederation of the Greek Workers, “Declaration: President of GSEE Yannis Panagopoulos,” available at http://​www.​ucbf.​org/​modules/​news/​article.​php?​storyid=​129&​sel_​lang=​english (arrived on February 10, 2016).
 
53
Interview with senior official, SEV, June 24, 2014.
 
54
Dimitris Daskalopoulos, “Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Annual General Assembly, May 11, 2010,” Speech of the Chairman, http://​www.​sev.​org.​gr/​online/​viewNews.​aspx?​id=​1721&​mid=​8&​lang=​en (arrived on February 20, 2014).
 
55
Interview with senior advisor to the president of SEV, June 23, 2014.
 
56
Interview with advisor to GSEE/ADEDY, June 26, 2014.
 
57
For historical-institutional origins of protest culture in Greece, see Aikaterini Andronikidou and Iosif Kovras, “Cultures of Rioting and Anti-Systemic Politics in Southern Europe,” West European Politics 35, no. 4 (2012): 707–725.
 
58
Wolfgang Rüdig and Georgios Karyotis, “Who Protests in Greece? Mass Opposition to Austerity,” British Journal of Political Science 44, no. 3 (2014): 487–513.
 
59
Interview with senior member, Hellenic Observatory, LSE, June 11, 2014.
 
60
Interview with senior official, SEV, June 25, 2014.
 
61
“Statement by the Heads of State or Government of the Euro Area and EU Institutions,” Brussels, July 21, 2011, http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​DOC-11-5_​en.​htm (arrived on February 27, 2016).
 
62
Interview with Member of Parliament, PASOK, June 19, 2014.
 
63
Interview with Member of Parliament, PASOK, June 19, 2014.
 
64
Stathis Kouvelakis, “The Greek Cauldron,” New Left Review, no. 72 (2011): 26.
 
65
Interview with advisor to Lucas Papademos, June 23, 2014.
 
66
Interview with senior advisor to Lucas Papademos, June 24, 2014.
 
67
Interview with senior policy analyst, ELIAMEP, June 24, 2014.
 
68
OECD, Economic Policy Reforms, 2013: Going for Growth (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013), 155–159.
 
69
Euro Plus Monitor, The 2013-Euro Plus Monitor: From Pain to Gain, The Lisbon Council Policy Brief, 2013.
 
70
Interview with senior member of European Studies Centre, University of Oxford, June 13, 2014.
 
71
Interview with senior official, GSEE, June 26, 2014.
 
72
Kathimerini, “More Than 20,000 Protests since 2010 Bailout,” April 24, 2014.
 
73
European Commission, Eurobarometer Interactive Search System, available at http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​ public_​opinion/​cf/​index_​en.​cfm (arrived on December 14, 2016).
 
74
Interview with member of SYRIZA, June 7, 2014.
 
75
Interview with representative of SYRIZA, June 16, 2014.
 
76
Christos Laskos and Euclid Tsakalotos, Crucible of Resistance: Greece, the Eurozone, and World Economic Crisis (London: Pluto Press, 2013), 3.
 
77
Giorgos Katsambekis, “Radical Left Populism in Contemporary Greece: Syriza’s Trajectory from Minoritarian Opposition to Power,” Constellations 23, no. 3 (2016): 398.
 
78
Ibid., 399.
 
79
The junior partner, DIMAR, left the coalition in June 2013 after the unilateral closure of the state broadcasting corporation.
 
80
George Tsebelis, “Lessons from the Greek Crisis,” Journal of European Public Policy 23, no. 1 (2016): 30.
 
81
Myrto Tsakatika, “SYRIZA’s Electoral Rise in Greece: Protest, Trust and the Art of Political Manipulation,” South European Society and Politics 21, no. 4 (2016): 519–540.
 
82
Costas Lapavitsas, “Syriza Has Sold Its Soul for Power,” The Guardian, January 25, 2016.
 
83
For an analysis of SYRIZA’s election strategy, see Emmanouil Tsatsanis and Eftichia Teperoglou, “Realignment under Stress: The July 2015 Referendum and the September Parliamentary Election in Greece,” South European Society and Politics 21, no. 4 (2016): 427–450.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Greek Crisis and Aftermath (2009–2016)
verfasst von
Mustafa Kutlay
Copyright-Jahr
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92789-3_6