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Erschienen in:
General Equilibrium Modelling: The Integration of Policy and Project Analysis Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Green and Blue Dividends and Environmental Tax Reform: Dynamic CGE Model

verfasst von : Francesca Severini, Rosita Pretaroli, Claudio Socci

Erschienen in: The New Generation of Computable General Equilibrium Models

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The challenge of climate change needs to be tackled with environmental policies carefully designed to achieve environmental benefits and avoid negative economic effects. The introduction of an environmental tax in the economic system can generate a double benefit represented by the attainment of the environmental target (first or green dividend) and other additional benefits (second/third or blue dividends) represented by gains in welfare, employment, consumption etc. In this perspective, the general equilibrium analysis is able to quantify the environmental and welfare direct and indirect effects that an environmental policy generates within the economic system. Since international environmental agreements set clear target deadlines on the reduction of GHG emissions, in this chapter a dynamic CGE model based on a bi-regional SAM framework for Italy is developed.

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Vorheriges Kapitel A Micro-Macro Simulation Model Applied to the French Economy: The Case of a Euro’s Real Depreciation
Nächstes Kapitel A Sub-national CGE Model for the European Mediterranean Countries
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Fußnoten
1
In 2000, the European Commission launched the European Climate Change Program (ECCP) to identify and develop all the elements necessary to match the Kyoto Protocol. The goal of EU environmental policy for the year 2020 includes the cut of 20% in CO2 emissions, the increase in renewable energy use of 20% and the increase in energy efficiency by 20% with respect to 1990 levels.
 
2
As an example, producers and consumers, which maximize their utility choosing the optimal allocation of consumes and savings become myopic in the between period decisions (savings and investment).
 
3
The model assumes that all markets clear, therefore we do not considers any rigidity on wage formation and unintentional unemployment.
 
4
The NAMEA integrates the major economic aggregates—total output, value added and final demand—with the GHG emissions data in physical terms according to the input output disaggregation (EC 1994). This approach avoids the difficulties connected to a correct valuation of environmental costs.
 
5
The Government is represented as a Central Government, that has a national dimension, and as Local Government that is represented together with the other institutional sectors. The assumptions on Institutional Sectors hold also for Central and Local Government.
 
6
Following Armington’s hypothesis (Armington 1969), imported and domestically produced commodities are not perfect substitutes. This solves the problem that the same kind of good is found to be both exported and imported.
 
7
Labor supply (endowment) is exogenous.
 
8
The elasticity of substitution between labor and capital derives from econometric estimates for Italy (Van der Werf 2007).
 
9
The marginal cost of public funds are set equal to zero.
 
10
According to the literature on dynamic CGE we employ the term ‘depreciation’ in place of the term ‘consumption of fixed capital’ used by the SNA. The term ‘consumption of fixed capital’ refers to the decline, during the course of the accounting period, in the current value of the stock of xed assets owned and used by a producer as a result of physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage. It is used in the SNA to distinguish it from ‘depreciation’ as typically measured in business accounts (United Nations 2008).
 
11
The capital stock in period t is calibrated on the SAM data following Paltsev (2004).
 
12
For the specification of the dynamic model see the appendix Appendix 1.
 
13
In our model, we assume r = 4% (nominal interest rate) and g = 0.6% (real growth rate). According to the rule for investment on a steady state It = (d + g)Kt we calibrate the value of the depreciation rate δ on the SAM data.
 
14
We do not consider the CO2 emissions resulting from final consumption expenditure. The impact on CO2 emissions is not included in utility function of the Government in order to obtain Environmental Domestic Product.
 
15
The emission coefficient by commodity is the ratio between the of CO2 emission tons by commodity and the total output.
 
16
The Kyoto protocol established the reduction of 20% of Italian GHG. CO2 emissions represent the 85% of total GHG, thus the Kyoto target for Italian CO2 can be considered as 16.9%.
 
17
We do not consider the emissions deriving from final consumption process. Therefore, the levels and the target of emissions considered do not include direct emissions caused by households and firms.
 
18
There are 32 commodities (16 for North-Centre and 16 for South-Islands regions).
 
19
Because we do not know the costs of the environmental damage, we consider the amount of CO2 emissions as a proxy of the environmental damage and consider its reduction as a positive effect (dividend).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Green and Blue Dividends and Environmental Tax Reform: Dynamic CGE Model
verfasst von
Francesca Severini
Rosita Pretaroli
Claudio Socci
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
The New Generation of Computable General Equilibrium Models

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58532-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-58533-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58533-8_10